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Block 5; Week 5 > Sleep!!! > Flashcards

Sleep!!! Flashcards

1
Q

How many non-REM stages of sleep are there?

A

1, 2, 3, 4

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2
Q

Aside from the non-REM stages, what is the other stage of sleep?

A

the REM stage

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3
Q

What is involved in REM sleep?

A

dreaming & nightmares (not night terrors)

inhibition of muscular activity

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4
Q

When does slow wave sleep happen? What is involved here?

A 
stages 3 & 4
restorative sleep
disinhibition of muscular activity
parasomnias
**this is where night terrors happen
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5
Q

When does REM happen? What is the pattern of this?

A

it happens throughout the night!!
they get longer as you progress in a night’s sleep
–>as in: right before you wake up…the REM sleep will last the longest.

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6
Q

When does slow wave sleep typically occur?

A

during the earlier portion of the night

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7
Q

What are the changes that happen to sleep as a person ages?

A 
Increase in light/transitional sleep
Reduction in slow-wave sleep
Decline in overall sleep time
Increased awakenings and arousals
Decreased REM sleep
Reduced sleep efficiency
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8
Q

Why is an ages person’s sleep efficiency lower?

A

their sleep latency is longer…it takes longer for them to fall asleep

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9
Q

What are some possible chief complaints of patients who need help sleeping?

A 
Tiredness, fatigue, sleepiness
Trouble sleeping
Poor sleep quality
Inadequate sleep quantity
Abnormal behavior during sleep-leg keeps me awake
Loud snoring
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10
Q

Which stages of sleep decrease with age?

A

REM & stage 4 sleep both decrease with age.

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11
Q

T/F Sleep disorders are over-diagnosed.

A

False. Underdiagnosed! about 1/2 adults are dissatisfied with their sleep.

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12
Q

What are some good questions to ask patients about their sleep?

A

Is your sleep at night satisfactory?
Do you tend to fall asleep or struggle to stay alert during the day?
Are you bothered by fatigue, tiredness, lack of energy most of the time?
Do you have unusual behaviors which arise from the sleep period?

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13
Q

Which is linked to more car accidents? Insomnia or Sleep apnea

A

Insomnia

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14
Q

What is insomnia? It is the most common sleep disorder.

A

Difficulty initiating, maintaining, or non - restorative sleep

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15
Q

How common is insomnia?

A

30-50% of American adults experience insomnia during a 1 year period
Prevalence of chronic/severe insomnia is estimated to range 10%-30%
About 10% of all general population have been prescribed a medication for insomnia

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16
Q

What are the different types of insomnia?

A 
Sleep onset insomnia
Sleep maintenance insomnia
Sleep offset or late insomnia
Nonrestorative sleep
Transient Insomnia
Short-term Insomnia
Chronic Insomnia
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17
Q

What is sleep onset insomnia?

A

Difficulty falling asleep

Longer time to sleep onset

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18
Q

What is sleep maintenance insomnia?

A

Difficulty staying asleep

Frequent nocturnal awakenings

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19
Q

What is sleep offset or late insomnia?

A

Waking too early in the morning

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20
Q

What is nonrestorative sleep?

A

Fatigue despite adequate sleep duration

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21
Q

What is transient insomnia?

A

**episodic
Acute illness
Jet lag
Shift change

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22
Q

What is short-term insomnia?

A

**lasts a few days to 3 weeks
Major life event
Substance abuse

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23
Q

What is chronic insomnia?

A

**lasts longer than 3 weeks
Chronic illness
Psychiatric illness

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24
Q

What are some non-pharmacological treatments for sleep difficulties?

A 
sleep hygiene
stimulus control
sleep restriction
relaxation training
cognitive therapy
cognitive behavior therapy-insomnia
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25
Q

What is the purpose of sleep hygiene?

A

Promote habits that help sleep; provide rationale for subsequent instructions.

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26
Q

What are the basics of sleep hygiene?

A
  1. reduce arousal
  2. regulate sleep homeostatic & cricadian system
  3. minimize alcohol use etc.
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27
Q

How can you reduce arousal as a part of sleep hygiene?

A 
eliminate stimulants--caffeine, tobacco
exercise
make it a conducive sleep environment--quiet, dark, comfortable, safe room. 
relaxing routine at bed to decompress
avoid clock watching
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28
Q

What are some things involved in regulating sleep homeostatic & circadian system as a part of sleep hygiene?

A

regular sleep-wake schedule
avoid napping
avoid excessive amounts of time awake in bed–if you can’t sleep–>go somewhere else.

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29
Q

What is the purpose of relaxation training?

A

Reduce arousal & decrease anxiety

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30
Q

What are some important relaxation techniques?

A 
progressive muscle relaxation (PMR)-->tense release exercise
passive muscle relaxation-body scan.
Imagery
Meditation (mindfulness)
biofeedback
diaphragmatic breathing (deep breathing)
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31
Q

When should you make a detailed to do list?

A

scheduled worry time.
an effective thing to treat generalized anxiety disorder
**if you have a random thought in the middle of the night-can jot on your to do list.

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32
Q

T/F You should only use the bed for sleep & sex.

A

True.

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33
Q

What are some indicators of circadian dysregulation?

A 
erratic, variable schedule for sleep
lack of consistent time cue anchors (get up time, meal times etc)
sedentary
"jet lag" symptoms after a treap. 
shiftwork can cause
daytime fatigue
GI distress
tired muscles
headaches
34
Q

T/F Circadian rhythm sleep disorders are the same as insomnia.

A

False. separate things.

35
Q

What are 2 types of circadian rhythm sleep disorder?

A

delayed sleep phase-young adults

advanced sleep phase-old adults

36
Q

Which is easier westbound or eastbound travel?

A

westbound b/c it is easier to delay the circadian rhythm than to advance it.

37
Q

What is delayed sleep phase circadian rhythm sleep disorders?

A

Pattern of delayed sleep onset and awakening times with an inability to fall asleep and awaken at a desired or conventionally acceptable earlier time

38
Q

What is advanced sleep phase circadian rhythm sleep disorder?

A

Pattern of advance sleep onset and awakening times with an inability to remain awake or sleep until the desired or conventionally acceptable later sleep or wake time

39
Q

What is narcolepsy?

A

Recurrent periods of irrepressible need to sleep, lapsing into sleep or napping occurring within the same day.

40
Q

What are 4 symptoms of narcolepsy?

A
  • *Excessive daytime sleepiness
  • *Cataplexy-sudden loss of muscle tone often triggered by strong emotions
  • *Sleep paralysis – inability to move at sleep onset or upon awakening
  • *Hypnagogic hallucinations –rem sleep occurring during wakefulness
41
Q

T/F You can have narcolepsy without cataplexy.

A

True.

42
Q

How do you diagnose narcolepsy?

A

sleep polysomnography (PSG) and multiple sleep latency (MSLT) to diagnose.
Findings: 2 sleep onset REM periods
average sleep latency of 6 minutes or less

43
Q

What are the treatments of narcolepsy?

A

stimulant medications, timed naps and good sleep hygiene

44
Q

How does obstructive sleep apnea differ from insomnia?

A

OSA is caused by structures, anatomic problems with physiological consequences

45
Q

What is the treatment for OSA?

A

CPAP or surgery

46
Q

Can sleep walking & other parsamonias be improved with CPAP if a patient has OSA?

A

yeah

47
Q

What are the 2 types of sleep apnea?

A

Obstructive Sleep Apnea (more common)

Central sleep apnea

48
Q

What happens in OSA?

A

Patient has recurrent obstruction of upper airway during sleep produces apnea (cessation of airflow for 10 seconds or more)

49
Q

What are the risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea?

A

Risk factors include age, gender (more common in middle aged men and post-menopausal women), neck circumference, and structural abnormalities

50
Q

What are the symptoms of central sleep apnea?

A

Symptoms include insomnia, mild or absent snoring, no obstruction, but absence of ventilatory effort = cessation of airflow

51
Q

What are some questions to ask to assess for sleep apnea?

A

“Have you or anyone else noticed that you snore loudly?”

“Have you or anyone else noticed that you stop breathing in your sleep?”

52
Q

What are parasomnias?

A

Sleep disorders characterized by abnormal behavioral or physiological events which occur during sleep or during sleep-wake transitions
Ex: sleep walking, nightmares, night terrors

53
Q

T/F Parasomnias cause insomnia or excessive sleepiness.

A

False. Doesn’t cause these things.

54
Q

When do nightmares most often happen?

A

during REM, usu 2nd half of night closer to morning

**common in children

55
Q

What’s the deal with night terrors?

A

these are confused arousals
a person may cry out
unlike nightmares–person doesn’t remember usu
occurs during slow wave sleep–>usu in first half of the night
common in children under 10 yo

56
Q

What is one of the most common complaints of patients with mood disorders?

A

disturbed sleep

57
Q

What is an important diagnostic criteria for mood & anxiety disorders?

A

sleep disturbance

**fatigue can be another diagnostic criteria

58
Q

What are some sleep complaints that you often see with major depression?

A 
Difficulty in falling asleep
Frequent nocturnal awakenings
Early morning awakening
Non-restorative sleep
Decreased total sleep time
Disturbing dreams
59
Q

What are some of the things on your ddx for sleep disturbance?

A

Obstructive Sleep Apnea (snoring / observed apnea / daytime sleepiness)
Insomnia
Circadian Rhythm Disorders
Insufficient Sleep or inadequate sleep hygiene
Excessive Sleepiness (narcolepsy)
Parasomnias (nocturnal behaviors)
Mood Disorders

60
Q

Once again, which studies are required for the diagnosis of narcolepsy, sleep apnea?

A

Narcolepsy: PSG & MSLT

Sleep apnea: PSG

61
Q

What % of patients present to their primary care physician complaining of sleep problems?

A

50%

62
Q

What are some of the main determinants of sleep?

A

Obstructive Sleep Apnea (snoring / observed apnea / daytime sleepiness)
Insomnia
Circadian Rhythm Disorders
Insufficient Sleep or inadequate sleep hygiene
Excessive Sleepiness (narcolepsy)
Parasomnias (nocturnal behaviors)
Mood Disorders

63
Q

Disruption of circadian rhythm is associate with which bad things?

A

tumors

shortened life

64
Q

What are some factors affecting circadian rhythm?

A 
Wake/sleep
Hormonal
Temperature
Immune
Drug metabolism
Renal function
Airway function
65
Q

What is a normal sleep latency?

A

10 minutes

66
Q

What percentage of time is spent in each sleep stage?

A

Stage 1: 5%
Stage 2: 50%
Stages 3 & 4 (Slow Wave): 20%
REM: 25%

67
Q

What are some medical conditions that can cause insomnia?

A 
asthma
COPD
heart failure
parkinsonism
diabetes
allergies
thyroid disorder
chronic pain
itching
68
Q

What are some psychological disorder that can cause insomnia?

A 
depression
anxiety
panic attacks
mania
bereavement
post-traumatic
general stress
69
Q

What are some sleep disorders that include insomnia?

A 
obstructive sleep apnea
central apnea
periodic limb movement disorder
restless leg syndrome
advanced phase
delayed phase sleep disorder
70
Q

What are some pharmacological agents that can cause insomnia?

A 
methylphenidate
theophylline
albuterol
pernoline
dextroamphetamine
pseudoephedrine
nicotine
alcohol
SSRI
71
Q

What are some environmental factors that can cause insomnia?

A 
temperature
excessive light
excessive noise
bed discomfort
pets
72
Q

What are some of the indirect economic costs of insomnia?

A

Decreased productivity
Higher accident rate
Increased absenteeism
Increased comorbidity

73
Q

The most common treatment for sleep difficulties are sleeping pills. But what are the problems with this potentially?

A

drowsiness is common the next day
not good for chronic insomnia (long term side effects)
tolerance & dependency (physiological & psychological) possible

74
Q

T/F Benzodiazepines are an FDA approved treatment for sleep disturbances.

A

False. But they are often prescribed for this.

75
Q

What % of people over the age of 65 use sleeping pills?

A

10-20%

76
Q

What are some of the factors playing into chronic insomnia?

A

circadian dysregulation
arousal system working too well & at the wrong time
sleep incompatible conditioning (bed paired with frustration, not sleep)

77
Q

What is the purpose of stimulus control?

A

strengthen bed & bedroom as sleep stimulus

**involves removing TV, phones etc from the bedroom.

78
Q

What is the purpose of sleep restriction?

A

restrict time in bed to consolidate sleep & improve depth of sleep
**involves a rigid sleep schedule

79
Q

What is the purpose of cognitive therapy for sleep help?

A

address thoughts & beliefs that interfere with sleep

80
Q

What is the purpose of using light therapy as a part of circadian rhythm shifting?

A

use morning & evening light exposure, restrict light at other times to try to stimulate a normal rhythm.
circadian rhythm pace maker is found in the suprachiasmatic nucleus

81
Q

What is the epworth sleepiness scale?

A

it is a scale that asks while you are doing various activities that are low movement (reading, watching TV, sitting in traffic etc)…what is the chance that you will fall asleep for a bit?
0-no chance; 1-slight chance; 2-moderate chance; 3-high chance
**patients with obstructive sleep apnea have a high Epworth Sleepiness scale score

82
Q

What are some important aspects of treatment planning?

A
  • what are our goals for improving sleep-which part of sleep cycle? Which daytime symptoms are we trying to improve?
  • what is the cause & what are the exacerbating factors
  • diagnostic testing-maybe PSG, MSLT
  • educate on behavioral changes
  • sleep diary
  • remove obstacles
  • follow up!!

Block 5; Week 5 (9 decks)

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