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Block 5; Week 5 > Emotions-Piasecki > Flashcards

Emotions-Piasecki Flashcards

1
Q

What is the evolutionary purpose of emotions?

A

Emotions have evolved to help us respond to important situations and to convey our intentions to others

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2
Q

T/F Different social groups exhibit different facial expressions for emotions.

A

False. They are universal.

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3
Q

What drives the voluntary smile?

A

Driven by motor cortex, pyramidal tracts

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4
Q

What drives the involuntary smile? A genuine smile. Which extra muscle is activated?

A

Driven by motor areas in
ant cingulate, extrapyramidal,
reticular activating system
**includes action of the orbicularis oculi muscle.

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5
Q

What are the emotional states that are involved in the emotional motor system?

A

Subjective experiences
Visceral Motor response
Somatic Motor responses

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6
Q

Fear is a primary motion involving which responses?

A

Visceral Motor response

Somatic Motor responses

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7
Q

What are some measures of fear in animals?

A 
Heart rate and blood pressure
Salivation
Respiratory rate
Scanning
Startle
Urination/ Defecation
Freezing
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8
Q

Describe the brain’s shortcut for the fear response.

A

eyes–>thalamus–>amygdala

automatic fear response

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9
Q

Describe the brain’s long pathway of fear response.

A

eyes–>thalamus–>occipital cortex–>amygdala

understanding the nature of the threat & then being afraid.

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10
Q

What are some ways to measure fear in humans?

A 
Heart pounding or racing
Dry Mouth
Pale skin
Respiratory Rate
Hypervigilance
Increased Startle
Urination/ diarrhea
Apprehensive expectation
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11
Q

What are the brain structures that mediate emotion?

A 
Hypothalamus
Limbic System
limbic cortex
amygdala
Brainstem
Nucleus Accumbens
Prefrontal Cortex
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12
Q

What are some of the functions of the hypothalamus?

A

Light dark cycle
Temperature regulation
Neuroendocrine
Integral in emotional and sexual (and other) behaviors

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13
Q

The hypothalamus is anatomically right on top of which structure?

A

the stalk of the pituitary gland

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14
Q

HOw did we discover the functions of the hypothalamus?

A

ablation studies

stimulation studies

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15
Q

In ablation studies, when the cat’s hemispheres & hypothalamus were removed…what was the emotional result of the cat?

A

no rage response.

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16
Q

What did lateral hypothalamic stimulation cause in the cat?

A

rage, attack mode

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17
Q

What is the hypothalamus’ input?

A

the cortex (relatively unprocessed)

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18
Q

What is the hypothalamus’ output?

A

the brainstem’s reticular formation

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19
Q

What is the function of the limbic system?

A

Link between higher cortical activity and the “lower” systems that control emotional behavior
**Integrates information about emotional content from cortical association areas

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20
Q

What are the deep lying structures to the limbic lobe?

A

amygdala
hippocampus
mamillary bodies

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21
Q

Where is the limbic lobe found? What surrounds it?

A

primitive cortical tissue
near the: cingulate gyrus; parahippocampal gyrus
**encircles the upper brainstem around the corpus callosum

22
Q

What happened in the Kluver Bucy situation?

A

removal of the temporal lobe in the monkey.
started off as rageful monkey & became docile, orally fixated, increased sexual and compulsive behaviors
stimulation: sympathetic NS stimulation

23
Q

What happens to humans with Kluver Bucy syndrome?

A 
Humans: severe temporal lobe damage
tumors, surgery, trauma
Visual Agnosia
Apathy/ placidity
Disturbance in sexual function
Dementia, Aphasia, Amnesia
24
Q

What are some important structures that are a part of the limbic system?

A

Orbital and medial prefrontal cortex (PFC)
Nucleus of thalamus
Amygdala

25
Q

What is the amygdala?

A

a nuclear mass that is buried in the white matter of the temporal lobe, in front of the hippocampus

26
Q

What does the amygdala connect to?

A

Connects to:
Olfactory bulb
Cerebral cortex (frontal and association areas of temporal lobe)
Brainstem and hypothalamus

27
Q

What is the function of the amygdala?

A

Emotional Association Area”
Links cortical areas that process sensory info to hypothalamus and brainstem effector systems
Allow for emotional learning (“Associative Learning”)

28
Q

How can you abolish the fear response?

A

Remove one amygdala and block visual information from the eye on that side

29
Q

Classical conditioning & the learned fear response involves which structure mainlY?

A

once again, the amygdala.

30
Q

What happens to fear response if connection between medial geniculate and amygdala are severed prior to learning?

A

the tone will cause no fear. No learned fear response.

31
Q

What are some examples of non-adaptive learned fear?

A

PTSD
Depression
Phobias

32
Q

What is the structure responsible for learned rewards?

A

amygdala

33
Q

Which structure is important in experiencing reward & pleasure?

A

the nucleus accumbens

34
Q

Which substance was monitored when considering the nucleus accumbens & addiction?

A

dopamine levels

**linear relationship b/w dopamine & subjective sense of pleasure

35
Q

T/F Food causes dopamine levels to go up (a natural reward).

A

True.

36
Q

T/F Sex causes dopamine levels to go up even higher than food.

A

True.

37
Q

In relation to food & sex, what is the dopamine effect of amphetamine?

A

Much higher. Food: 150 units; Amphetamines: 1000 units.

38
Q

T/F Interleukins are involved in empathic responses.

A

True.

39
Q

T/F Medical students become more empathic during their 4 years of schooling.

A

FALSE. Sadly, studies show that students are less empathic after the 4 years.

40
Q

T/F Emotional responses to pain, anxiety, and happiness all mapped onto the same parts of the brain.

A

False. Different parts of the brain.

41
Q

Which deficits are seen in psychopaths who “don’t care”?

A

the amygdala is abnormal

deficits in activation of certain parts of the brain–>aren’t happy for someone, don’t feel empathy for someone in pain.

42
Q

Once again Kluver Bucy syndrome involves destruction of which are of the brain? And what are the symptoms?

A 
anterotemporal lobe
agnosia, apathy
disturbed sexual behavior
dementia, aphasia, amnesia
**make love not war. Not aggressive, but very sexual.
43
Q

What is Urbach-Wiethe?

A

Rare genetic disease
Bilateral calcification and atrophy of anterior temporal lobes
Unable to identify fear from photos

44
Q

A patient had right temporoparietal infarction due to MCA embolism. It caused left hemiplegia. What happened to her?

A 
Cheerful
Talkative
Joking
Inflated self esteem
Previously quite depressed, but not anymore.
45
Q

Left sided damage does what to emotions?

A

loss of positive emotions. risk of depression

46
Q

Right sided damage does what to emotions?

A

elevated mood

47
Q

What is the result of right anterior damage?

A

euphoria

48
Q

Activity in which structure predicts the level of depression?

A

right amygdala

49
Q

People with active left prefrontal cortex have what type of mood?

A

tigger. peppy.

50
Q

People with depressive left prefrontal cortex have what type of mood?

A

sad. woe is me.

51
Q

In patients with recurrent depression & repeated stress…which structure often shrinks?

A

the hippocampus shrinks.

**caused by chronic exposure to cortisol

52
Q

Stress plays an important role in inflammation. Which substances are involved?

A

interleukins

cytokines

Block 5; Week 5 (9 decks)

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