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Year 1: Brain & Behaviour > Sleep > Flashcards

Sleep Flashcards

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1
Q

what does an Electroencephalogram (EEG) test?

A

brain activity

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2
Q

what does an Electromyogram (EMG) test?

A

muscle activity

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3
Q

what does an Electro-oculogram (EOG) test?

A

eye movements

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4
Q

what characterises alpha activity during wakefulness?

A

regular, medium-frequency waves of 8-12Hz (resting quietly)

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5
Q

what characterises beta activity during wakefulness?

A

Irregular, mostly low-amplitude waves of 13-30Hz (alert and attentive)

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6
Q

What brain frequencies occur in stage 1 sleep (slow wave)?

A

Theta activity 3.5 – 7.5Hz

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7
Q

What area of the brain has firing changes during stage 1 sleep (slow wave)?

A

Firing of neurons in the neocortex becoming more synchronised

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8
Q

What frequencies occur during stage 2 sleep (slow wave)?

A
  • Theta activity like in Stage 1
  • Sleep Spindles – short bursts of waves of 12-14Hz that occur between 2 and 5 times a minute during sleep
  • K Complexes – sudden sharp waveforms usually only found in Stage 2
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9
Q

what are K-complexes associated with?

A

K Complexes are associated with consolidation of memories

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10
Q

what are sleep spindles associated with?

A

increased numbers of sleep spindles are associated with higher scores on intelligence tests

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11
Q

What frequencies occur during stage 3 & 4 sleep (slow wave)?

A
  • High amplitude delta activity – Slower than 3.5 Hz
  • Stage 3 sees 30-50% delta activity;
  • Stage 4 over 50% delta activity
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12
Q

Which frequencies occur during REM sleep?

A

theta & beta

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13
Q

what 5 major physical symptoms occur during REM sleep?

A
  • Dreaming
  • Paralysis
  • Cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption are accelerated
  • Mechanisms that regulate body temperature stop working
  • Penile erection or vaginal secretion
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14
Q

Which 5 neurotransmitters are associated with arousal (wakefulness)?

A

acetylcholine, serotonin, histamine, orexin, norepinephrine

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15
Q

How does acetylcholine play a role in wakefulness/sleep?

A

– levels high in the hippocampus and neocortex
– activating ACh neurons in the basal forebrain causes wakefulness
- Acetylcholinergic neurons also fire at a high rate in REM sleep

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16
Q

How does norepinephrine play a role in wakefulness?

A

– Activity of noradrenergic locus coeruleus neurons
increases vigilance
– Increase during wakefulness
– Moment-to-moment activity of noradrenergic LC neurons related to performance on tasks requiring vigilance

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17
Q

How does serotonin play a role in wakefulness?

A

– Involved in numerous processes
– Stimulation of raphe nulcei (where most of the serontenergic neurons are found) causes locomotion and cortical arousal (DNTN increases wakefulness, vigilance, muscle tone, heart rate, and minute ventilation)

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18
Q

How does histamine play a role in wakefulness?

A

– Histaminergic neurons are located in the hypothalamus
– Drugs that prevent/decrease histamine levels decrease waking/increase sleep

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19
Q

How does orexin play a role in wakefulness?

A

– Cell bodies that secrete orexin are located in the hypothalamus
– Excitatory effect in the cerebral cortex and all other regions involved in arousal and wakefulness
– Activating neurons in the lateral hypothalamus of mice awakens the animals from REM and non-REM sleep

20
Q

When do orexinergic neurons fire fastest?

A

Orexinergic neurons in rats fire fastest in active waking, particularly when exploring and fire less frequently during
quiet waking and sleep

21
Q

When are histaminergic neurons most active?

A

– Activity of histaminergic neurons is high during waking and low during slow-wave and REM sleep

22
Q

when are serotonergic neurons most active?

A

– Serotonergic neurons are most active during waking, steadily decline during sleep to almost zero activity in REM sleep.
– Temporarily become very active after REM sleep

23
Q

what is the primary homeostatic factor?

A

– presence or absence of adenosine

24
Q

how is allostatic control mediated?

A

hormonal and neural responses to stressors
allostasis = the process of maintaining homeostasis

25
Q

Which neurons and where become active the supress arousal neurons?

A

GABAnergic neurons in the ventrolateral preoptic area (vlPOA) become active and supress activity of arousal neurons

26
Q

What is the sleep/wake flip flop?

A

The 2 competing neural mechanisms that inhibit or promote arousal

27
Q

What is occurring when the sleep/wake flip-flop is ‘on’?

A

The flip-flop is on when the sleep-promoting neurons in the vlPOA are inhibited and the arousal neurons are active (awake or waking)

28
Q

What is occurring when the sleep/wake flip-flop is ‘off’?

A

The flip-flop is off when the sleep-promoting neurons in the vlPOA are activated and the arousal neurons are inhibited (falling to sleep/sleeping)

29
Q

Which neurons help stabilise he sleep/wake flip-flop & how are they activated?

A

Orexinergic neurons - motivation to remain awake or events that disturb sleep activate the orexinergic neurons

30
Q

What 4 factors control the activity of the orexinergic neurons?

A
  • Biological clock
  • Hunger related signals activate them
  • Satiety related signals inhibit them
  • receiving inhibitory input from the vlPOA because of a build-up of adenosine.
31
Q

Where are the off/on neurons for REM sleep?

A

REM-ON neurons are located in the pons
REM-OFF neurons are located in the midbrain

32
Q

How does the REM flip-flop work?

A
  • During waking, the REM-OFF region receives excitatory input from the orexinergic neurons of the lateral hypothalamus
  • When the sleep/waking flip-flop switches into the sleep phase, slow-wave sleep begins.
  • The activity of the excitatory orexinergic, noradrenergic, and serotonergic inputs to the REM-OFF region begins to decrease so, the excitatory input to the REM-OFF region is removed
33
Q

Why do you experience paralysis during REM sleep?

A

When the REM flip-flop tips to the ON state, motor neurons in the spinal cord become inhibited, and cannot respond to the signals arising from the motor cortex in the course of a
dream.

34
Q

What kind of frequency and where is associated with lucid dreaming?

A

lucid dreaming is associated with lower gamma frequency in the fronto-temporal area of the brain

35
Q

what is the Rebound phenomenon in dreaming?

A

If deprived of REM sleep, you will have more REM sleep in the next sleep period

36
Q

After what kind of sleep is memory best?

A

slow-wave & REM

37
Q

How do different types of seep help in the memory of declarative & non-declarative tasks?

A

➢ REM sleep facilitates consolidation of nondeclarative
memories
➢ Slow-wave sleep facilitates consolidation of declarative
memories

38
Q

Which type of sleep helps in consolidating navigational skills?

A

slow-wave

39
Q

how common is chronic insomnia?

A

9%

40
Q

what are the 2 main symptoms of narcolepsy?

A

Sleep attack – overwhelming urge to sleep
Cataplexy – muscular paralysis of REM sleep while awake

41
Q

d: Hypnagogic hallucinations

A

dreaming while awake and paralysed

42
Q

How is narcolepsy attacks medicated?

A

stimulants - sleep attacks
cataplexy/ sleep paralysis/ hypnagogic hallucinations - antidepressants

43
Q

what is REM sleep behaviour disorder?

A
  • Failure to exhibit paralysis during REM sleep
  • Acting out dreams
44
Q

d: somnambulism

A

sleep-walking

45
Q

Do night terrors/ bedwetting happen during REM or slow-wave sleep?

A

slow-wave

46
Q

what is fatal familial insomnia?

A

Fatal familial insomnia - prion disease, initially presents as insomnia, disappearance of slow-wave sleep. Ultimately inability to voluntarily move or speak (akinetic mutism), coma, and death

Year 1: Brain & Behaviour (8 decks)

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