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Year 1: Brain & Behaviour > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the name of the cell body of a neuron?

A

soma

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2
Q

What is the function of sensory neurons?

A

detect changes in external and internal environment (CNS and PNS, light, sound, odours, touch

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3
Q

What is the function of motor neurons?

A
  • controls muscle contraction and also gland secretion (CNS and PNS)
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4
Q

What is the functions of interneurons?

A
  • lie entirely within the CNS and are involved in cognition (i.e.,perceiving, learning, remembering and executive functioning such as decision making)
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5
Q

What is a multipolar neuron?

A

neuron with one axon and many dendrites attached to its soma

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6
Q

what is a bipolar neuron?

A

neuron with one axon and many dendrites attached to its soma

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7
Q

what is a unipolar neuron?

A

neuron with one axon attached to its soma; the axon divides, with one branch receiving sensory information and the other sending the information into the central nervous system.

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8
Q

what are astrocytes?

A

Type of glial cell. The support cells imbetween neurons

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9
Q

what do astrocytes do?

A
  • Provide physical support to neurons
  • Provide nourishment
  • When neurons die they clean up debris and form scar tissue
  • Control chemical composition of fluid surrounding neurons
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10
Q

what are Oligodendrocytes

A

cells that support axons and produce myelin sheath, in the CNS - they wrap around several adjacent axons

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11
Q

what are nodes of Ranvier?

A

the parts of neurons not covered by myelin sheaths

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12
Q

what are schwann cells?

A

Found in PNS, single Schwann cell wrapped around the PNS axon (kinda myelin sheath for PNS)

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13
Q

What is the name for the weakest part pf the blood-brain barrier?

A

area postrema

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14
Q

where is the area postrema located?

A

the medulla

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15
Q

which neuron plays the inhibitory role in the role of inhibition?

A

the interneuron

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16
Q

what is a membrane potential?

A

electrical charge across a cell membrane; the difference in electrical potential inside and outside the cell.

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17
Q

what is the resting potential of a neuron?

A

-70mV

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18
Q

what is depolarisation?

A

reduction of negative charge (toward zero) of the membrane potential when we stimulate neuron

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19
Q

what is an action potential in a cell?

A

– brief electrical impulse that provides the basis for conduction of information along an axon

20
Q

what is the threshold of excitation?

A

The value of the membrane potential that must be reached to produce an action potential

21
Q

what is hyperpolarisation?

A

– decrease in the membrane potential of a cell

22
Q

summarise a cell action potential cycle

A

Starts at -70 as this is the baseline.
Reaches the threshold of excitation.
Fully action potential causes massive +ve spike in cell charge
The action +ve cahrge decreases after a peak and they after enters hyperpolarisation dips below -70 briefly before depolarising back to -70.
CHECK SLIDE 21 ON WEEK 2

23
Q

what is electrostatic pressure?

A

When substances dissolve in water, they split into 2 parts with opposing electrical charge have attraction & repulsion (Na + and Cl− ions)

24
Q

Revisit and draw flow diagram of NaK pump

A

CHECL SLIDE 21 OF WEEK 2

25
Q

what is the all-or-none law?

A

– once the action potential begins, it proceeds without decrement to the terminal buttons (it either occurs, or it doesn’t occur)

26
Q

how do you measure speed of conduction?

A

delay between stimulus and action potential

27
Q

what is the rate law?

A

variations in the intensity of a stimulus are represented by
variations in the rate at which that axon fires

28
Q

what is saltatory conduction?

A

Conduction of action potentials by myelinated axons. The action potential appears to jump from one node of Ranvier to the next, speeding up signalling.

29
Q

what is the name for the gap between neurons?

A

synaptic cleft

30
Q

can action potentials jump over the synaptic cleft?

A

no- that why we have neurotransmitters dummy

31
Q

where are neurotransmitters kept before firing?

A

in the synaptic vesicles

32
Q

what does lock and key binding mean in regards to nerve impulses?

A

The membrane of the post-synaptic neuron has chemical-gated ion channels called neuroreceptors. These have specific binding sites for neurotransmitters. The chemical messenger fits the binding site like a lock and key.

33
Q

Is opening transmitter-dependant ion channels direct of indirect?

A

It can be both
indirect = metabotropic
direct = ionatropic
(go over slide 31/32 of week 2)

34
Q

What is Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSP)

A

excitatory depolarization (+ve) of the postsynaptic membrane.

35
Q

What us the Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (IPSP)?

A

inhibitory hyperpolarization (-ve) of the post synaptic membrane.

36
Q

what are the 3 main types of ion channel?

A

Na+, K+ and Cl-

37
Q

how do neurotransmitters cause hyperpolarisation or depolarisation of the post-synaptic cell?

A

The neurotransmitters bind to ion channels to cause influx of Na, Cl or K ions to enter the cell.

38
Q

what is neuronal integration?

A

Process by which inhibitory and excitatory postsynaptic potentials summate and control the rate of firing of a neuron.

39
Q

what is temporal summation?

A

sensory summation that involves the addition of single stimuli over a short period of TIME. (a few small depolarisations that don’t meet threshold for excitation can combine together if they arrive at similar times)

40
Q

what is spatial summation?

A

Spatial summation involves simultaneous signals coming from multiple presynaptic neurons being received by a single postsynaptic neuron.

41
Q

what are glial cells?

A

glue cells that hold neurons together, split into astrocytes and oligodendrocytes.

42
Q

briefly describe how you study the resting potential of an axon

A

apply a +ve stimulation to an axon placed in saltwater with 1 electrode in the water and another on the axon & use an oscilloscope/voltmeter to measure the AP

43
Q

which lobe is the motor cortex in?

A

frontal

44
Q

which lobe is the somatosensory cortex in?

A

parietal

45
Q

which lobe is the visual cortex in?

A

occipital

46
Q

which lobe is the auditory cortex in?

A

temporal

Year 1: Brain & Behaviour (8 decks)

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