sleep

Question 1

what do EEG, EMG and EOG measure

Answer 1

EEG: brain activity
EMG: muscle
EOG: eye movement

Question 2

Describe the sleep cycle

Answer 2

Fall directly into deep sleep
cycle up to REM
first half: mainly deep sleep
second half: mainly REM sleep

Question 3

In which type of sleep is there muscle activity?

Answer 3

non-REM stages

Question 4

Name the four frequency bands (EEG) and the mental state they associate to

Answer 4

Beta: focused
Alpha: relaxed
Theta: drowsy
Delta: deep sleep

Question 5

Why was the mouse on pedestal sleep deprivation study inconclusive

Answer 5

don’t know if sleep deprivation results from lack of sleep or stres

Question 6

What happens if you don’t sleep?

Answer 6

• delayed reaction time, poor judgments
• ↑ stress hormones, mood swings, impulsiveness
• worse learning and memory
• ↑ weight gain, migraine, hallucinations, etc
• sleep debt

Question 7

Name the 3 theories of sleep

Answer 7

1. recovery and energy conservation
2. learning and memory/brain processing
3. restoration

Question 8

T or F? the larger the specie is, the less sleep they need

Answer 8

True: ↑ body mass, ↓ total sleep time, ↑ length of sleep cycle

Question 9

According to the brain processing theory, during which sleep stage does declarative learning and procedural learning occur?

Answer 9

declarative: slow-wave sleep
procedural: REM sleep

Question 10

What controls the circadian rhythm?

Answer 10

Internal biological clock dictated by variation of sunlight

Question 11

Describe the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the circadian rhythms

Answer 11

receives direct input from retina and helps regulate sleep-cycle

Question 12

What are the effects of a lesion to the SNC?

Answer 12

alters the length and timing of sleep-wake cycle, but don’t change the total amount of time slept

Question 13

Describe the interaction of two genes in the cells of the SNC that determines their clock

Answer 13

when expression of one protein gets high enough, it inhibits its own production and promotes the expression of a different protein

Question 14

How does adenosine control how much sleep a person needs?

Answer 14

adenosine levels rise during waking hours and accumulate during sleep deprivation
drops when asleep
need for sleep: need to clear away adenosine

Question 15

Name the neurotransmitters that show increased activity during periods of arousal.

Answer 15

serotonin
norepinephrine
acetylcholine
orexin
histamine

Question 16

How do the neurons in the ventral lateral preoptic area (vlPOA) promote sleep

Answer 16

inhibit wake-promoting neurons

Question 17

Explain the sleep-wake flip-flop circuit

Answer 17

OFF:
- vlPOA active
- vlPOA inhibits arousal system

ON:
- arousal system active
- arousal system inhibits vlPOA

Question 18

Name an example of adenosine receptor antagonist

Answer 18

caffeine

Question 19

Lack of orexin can cause..

Answer 19

narcolepsy

Question 20

Define narcolepsy

Answer 20

periods of excessive daytime sleepiness and irresistible urges to sleep

Question 21

Name the symptoms of narcolepsy

Answer 21

sleep paralysis: vivid, dream-like hallucinations, before they fall asleep or just after they wake up
cataplexy: muscle paralysis while someone is awake

Question 22

Explain the REM sleep flip-flop cycle

Answer 22

OFF:
- ventrolateral periacqueductal grey (vlPAG) is active
- vlPAG inhibits SLD

ON:
- sublateral dorsal nucleus of the thalamus (SLD) is active
- SLD inhibits vlPAG

Question 23

Define fatal familial insomnia (sporadic fatal insomnia)

Answer 23

progressively worsening insomnia that leads to hallucinations, delirium and confusional states

Question 24

Define non-REM parasomnias and give examples

Answer 24

sleep disorders that occur during non-REM sleep. brain gets caught between sleep and wake state
ex. sleep-walking, sleep-talking, etc

Question 25

What are REM sleep behaviour disorders?

Answer 25

neurological disorders where there is no paralysis during REM sleep and may act out dreams violently

Question 26

Which is most true? The flip-flop sleep system..
a. turns slow-wave-sleep off when the vlPOA is active
b. makes you sleep when the lights are off
c. manages a mutually inhibitory loop between REM sleep and the vlPOA
d. turns slow-wave-sleep on when the arousal system is inhibited

Answer 26

d