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Neuroscience - general > Sleep > Flashcards

Sleep Flashcards

1
Q

what are features of sleep

A 
	Altered consciousness
	Reduced movement and responsiveness
	Typical posture
	Homeostatic regulation
	Daily rhythmicity
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2
Q

what are specific features of sleep in higher organisms

A

 Brainwave patterns
 Loss of muscle tone
 Sporadic eye movement – characteristic in different phases

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3
Q

slow electrical stimulation of this area causes the animal to spontaneously fall asleep

A

the thalamus

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4
Q

stimulation of this area causes a state of wakefulness and arousal (caused sleeping cat to wake)

A

the reticular activating system - cholinergic neurons near the junction of pons and midbrain

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5
Q

what is an electroencephalogram

A

a test where an electrode is placed on the skull to record the electrical signals coming from the brain

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6
Q

what causes slow wave rhythmic signals

A

the sum of individual firing of neurons in a coordinated manner

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7
Q

what are the EEG characteristics during the first hour of sleep

A

beta wave activity (characteristic of awake state 15-60Hz) lengthens and lowers in frequency to theta waves in stage 1 (4-8Hz)
stage 2 waves further lengthens and lowers in frequency other than when the sleep spindle occurs
in stage 3 you see even slower brainwaves (2-4Hz)
the slowest waves delta waves (0.5-2Hz) are seen in stage 4 at the end of the hours

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8
Q

what is the slowest sleep waves

A

delta waves

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9
Q

what is NREM sleep

A

Non-rapid eye movement sleep - encompasses the first 3 stages of sleep characterised by Reduced physiological activity, Shift to parasympathetic activity and maintenance of Thermoregulation

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10
Q

what occurs during the three NREM stages of sleep

A

slowed breathing, muscle activity, heartbeat, and brain waves

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11
Q

when do dreams occur

A

during REM sleep

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12
Q

how often do REM periods occur

A

every 90 to 120 minutes (with the first period being the shortest)

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13
Q

what happens to your sleep as you age

A

Similar amount of REM sleep
Diminishing stage 3,4 (deep) sleep
Increasing sleep fragmentation

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14
Q

what is the deepest stage of sleep and when does it occur

A

stage 3, 4 are the deep stages and they occur early (within the first hour)

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15
Q

what is a polysomnogram

A

electrodes are put on the eyes and neck to measure heart rate, respiration, eye movemetns and penile erection to observe the patterns in sleep

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16
Q

what are the similarities and differences between REM sleep and the awake state

A 
resembles wake state for
•	brain activity
•	heart rate
•	respiration
diverges for
•	eye movement
•	muscle tone
•	Thermoregulation
•	penile erection/vaginal lubrication
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17
Q

what is responsible for the suppression of the somatosensory response and muscle relaxation during REM sleep

A

Inhibition of cells in the dorsal colum nuclei results in diminished response to somatic sensory stimuli
Inhibition of the lower motor neurons results in paralysis

gaba signals

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18
Q

what areas of the brain are activated during REM sleep

A

Anterior cingulate cortex, Amygdala, Parahippocampal gyrus (some cholinergic nuceli that are only activated during rem sleep), Pontine tegmentum

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19
Q

what areas of the brain are inactivated during REM sleep

A

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, Posterior cingulate cortex

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20
Q

what electrical features is the awake state characterised by

A

high frequency (15-60Hz) low amplitude activity (∼30 μV) - beta activity

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21
Q

descent into stage 1 NREM sleep is characterised by

A

decreasing EEG frequency (4–8 Hz) and increasing amplitude (50–100 μV), called theta waves

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22
Q

what is descent into stage 2 NREM sleep characterised by

A

by10–12 Hz oscillations (50–150 μV) called spindles, which occur periodically and last for a few seconds.

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23
Q

what are stages 3 and 4 of NREM sleep characterised by

A

Stage III = slower waves at 2–4 Hz (100–150 μV).

Stage IV sleep is defined by slow waves (also called delta waves) at 0.5–2 Hz (100–200 μV)

24
Q

after reaching deep sleep what happens to the sleep sequence

A

the sequence reverses and a period of rapid eye movement sleep, or REM sleep, ensues.

25
Q

what is REM sleep characterised by

A

REM sleep is characterized by low-voltage, high-frequency activity similar to the EEG activity of individuals who are awake.

26
Q

what is the ventrolateral preoptic nucelus

A

The ventrolateral preoptic (VLPO) nucleus in the anterior hypothalamus is the major area of the brain that controls sleep induction and maintenance.
Its major neurotransmitter is GABA (inhibited during awake state)

27
Q

during the awake state what keeps the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus off

A

The GABA release from the VLPO nucleus is inhibited by norepinephrine (NE) from the locus ceruleus.

28
Q

what structure of the brain is responsible for the rhythmic regulation of sleep

A

the superchiasmatic nucleus

29
Q

what loci are turned on during NREM and REM sleep

A

ventrolateral preoptic nucleus and the medial preoptic nucleus

30
Q

what loci are turned on during wake and REM sleep but off during NREM sleep (what neurotransmitter is involved)

A

LDT and PPT
(laterodorsal tegmentum and PedunculoPontineTegmental Nucleus)
acetylcholine

31
Q

what loci are turned on in wake state but off in both REM and NREM sleep - turned off by VLPO/MPOA toggle)(what chemicals are involved)

A 
TMN (His) - TuberoMammillary nucleus
LH (orexin) - Lateral hypothalamus
LC (NE) - Locus coeruleus
Raphe (5-HT) - 
vPAG (DA) - ventral PeriAqueductal Gray
32
Q

what is considered the sleep/wake toggle switch

A

VLPO/MPOA

33
Q

why do we need sleep

A

because if we dont we cant function and we die

34
Q

what were the results of the study on preventing rats falling asleep and how was it carried out

A

Rat was put on a moving disk with an electrode measuring brain activity - as soon as they started to fall asleep the disk was moved so they fell into water and woke up - this caused the rat to start dying: they observed Debilitated appearance, Skin lesions, Swelling of the paws, Loss of motor control, Loss of EEG amplitude, Respiratory symptoms, Stomach ulcers

35
Q

what are the cognitive impacts of sleep disruption

A 
	Inattention
	Changes in cortical EEG responses
	Slower computational speed
	Impaired verbal fluency
	Reduced creativity
	Reduced abstract problem solving
	Learning issues
	Lower IQ scores
36
Q

give 5 examples of sleep disorders

A 
primary insomnia
primary hypersomnia
narcolepsy
breathing-related sleep disorder (snoring, obstructive sleep apnea)
circadian rhythm sleep disorder
37
Q

what is narcolepsy and what is the cause

A

are long-term brain condition that causes a person to suddenly fall asleep at inappropriate times
- symptoms daytime sleepiness, sleep attacks, cataplexy, sleep paralysis, excessive dreaming and waking at night
Orexin signalling defect caused neurodegeneration in orexinergic centre

38
Q

what is cataplexy

A

sudden muscular weakness triggered by strong emotions such as laughter, anger and surprise

39
Q

what causes the vicious cycle seen in primary insomnia

A

feelings of worry/ stress -> lack of sleep -> tiredness -> difficulty coping with daily life -> low self esteem -> feeling of worry/ stress

40
Q

what is hypersomnia

A

an uncommon sleep disorder that causes you to be excessively sleepy during the day even after a good or prolonged night’s sleep

41
Q

what are breathing-related sleep disorders

A

Primary snoring – tissues in the back of the throat vibrate
Obstructive sleep apnea – blocked airway (decrease in blood oxygenation, wake). Increased risk of cardiovascular disease, (pre-) diabetes, depression.

42
Q

what are the types of circadian rhythm sleep disorders (4)

A

Non 24hour sleep wake syndrome - no synchronisation to the environmental light dark cycle but can maintain 24hour cycle (occurs in visually impaired people)
irregular sleep wake syndrome - no pattern (happens in chronically ill people who are in hospital, lights are always on)
delayed sleep phase syndrome - go to bed late and wake up late ( alot of the population would probably qualify)
advanced sleep phase syndrome - sleep early wake early (more similar to our ancestral state)

43
Q

sleep is controlled in two ways, what are they?

A

 Rhythmically (C) -based on circadian rhythms and light
 Homeostatically (S) - based on how much sleep you’ve gotten
(rhythmic pressure alleviates in the morning but the homeostatic pressure remains if you didnt get enough sleep)

44
Q

who discovered the period gene in fruit flies and is considered the father of neurogenetics

A

Seymour Benzer

45
Q

what evidence is there for a daily timekeeper

A

control of overt rhythms
entrainment (alignment to external time cues)
free running rhythms (persistence of rhythms in the absence of environmental cues)
temperature compensation (maintain robust rhythm over road range of temps)

46
Q

who received the Nobel prize for the discoveries of the molecules mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm

A

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2017 was awarded to
Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash and Michael W. Young

47
Q

what is the delayed negative feedback loop that helps eukaryotes keep time

A

period gene makes period protein in the cytoplasm where doubletime binds it (limiting its stability so that it does not build up too quickly) - timeless binds to these two proteins and creates a heterotrimeric complex that is now able to enter the nucleus and shut down period and timeless production - once the levels of period get too low the whole process starts again (24hour cycle)
entry into the nucleus occurs around midnight

48
Q

what are the mammalian equivalents of the eukaryotic timeless and doubletime proteins

A 
timeless= Cytochrome CRY
doubletime= casein kinase 1 episolon/delta (CK1ε and CK1δ)
49
Q

describe the steps of the SCF mediated protein degradation of Per

A

double time phsophoylates period enabling recognition by SLMN (fbox adaptor protein) and recruitment of SCF complex. Attachment to the SCF complex allows E3 to add ubiquitin to period which is then recognised by 26S proteosome and degraded.

50
Q

what percentage of genes are rhythmically controlled

A

50%

51
Q

describe the mechanism of the sleep homeostat in dorsal fan shaped body of Drosphilia

A

1) At onset of sleep:
Sandman channels internalise and dFSB neuronal firing starts involving active Sh/Hk channels.
2) During sleep:
A-type Shaker(Sh) K+ channels turn off and tonic firing↓ when Hyperkinetic(Hk) subunit exchanges NADP+ for NADPH
3) Upon arousal (DA):
Sandman K+ leak channels relocate to plasma membrane and hyperpolarize cells.
4) During wake:
Mitochondrial metabolism produces Reactive Oxygen Species → NADPH for NADP+ exchange for Hyperkinetic turning on Sh/Hk

52
Q

how does light induce the SCF mediated degradation of timeless

A

when CRY (cytochrome) is hit by blue light it undergoes conformational changes that allow it to bind to timeless, incurring phosphorylation of timeless by a kinase. causes recruitment of SCF complex by JET (jetlag) binding with timeless. allowing E3 to ubiquinate timeless and 26S proteosome to recognise this and degrade the protein

53
Q

what happens when drosophila are exposed to light in the early night time

A

Cry causes destabilisation of timeless causing levels to fall and the process to start over - phase delay

54
Q

what happens when Drosophilia are exposed to light in the late night

A

causes degradation of timeless, speeding up the time it takes for it to reach reactivation - resetting the cycle back to early dawn - a phase advance

55
Q

how does light act on the mammalian clock

A

light hits retina which sends projections to the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus where the signal acts on the transcription of the period via other transcrition factors

56
Q

what 3 clusters of neurons synchronise the circadian rhythm via neuropeptides

A

dorsal lateral neurons, small ventrolateral neurons, dorsal neurons type 1 - neuropeptides used are neuropeptide y (fly sNPF) and VIP (fly PDF)

Neuroscience - general (13 decks)

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