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IBDP Biology SL/HL > (SL) Unit 5: Evolution and Biodiversity; Topic 5.3 Classification of Biodiversity > Flashcards

(SL) Unit 5: Evolution and Biodiversity; Topic 5.3 Classification of Biodiversity Flashcards

Flashcard Main Resource: https://ib.bioninja.com.au/standard-level/topic-5-evolution-and-biodi/53-classification-of-biodiv/

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1
Q

Define Species

A

A group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring

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2
Q

What are the 7 characteristics of organisms?

A

Movement, Respiration, Sensitivity, Growth, Reproduction, Excretion, and Nutrition.

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3
Q

What is the binomial system of nomenclature?

A

It is the formal system by which all living species are classified (taxonomy).

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4
Q

Who developed the binomial system of nomenclature?

A

Swedish botanist named Carolus Linnaeus

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5
Q

When was the binomial system of nomenclature developed?

A

in 1735

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6
Q

The binomial system of nomenclature allows for..

A

the identification and comparison of organisms based on recognised characteristics

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7
Q

The binomial system of nomenclature allows all organisms to…

A

be named according to a globally recognised scheme

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8
Q

The binomial system of nomenclature can show…

A

how closely related organisms are, allowing for the prediction of evolutionary links

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9
Q

The binomial system of nomenclature makes it easier to…

A

collect, sort and group information about organisms

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10
Q

According to the binomial system of nomenclature, every organism is designated a scientific name with two parts, What are they?

A

Genus and Species

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11
Q

How is the Genus written?

A

It is written first and is capitalised

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12
Q

How is the species written?

A

It follows the Genus and is written in lowercase

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13
Q

What is the sub-species?

A

it is a rank of classification below species

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14
Q

How is the sub-species written?

A

It follows the species and is written in lowercase

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15
Q

When typing a scientific name, it should be…

A

typed in italics

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16
Q

When handwriting a scientific name, it should be

A

underlined

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17
Q

What are domains?

A

the three major categories of life

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18
Q

All living organisms are classified into three domains, What are they?

A

Eukarya , Archaea, and Eubacteria

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19
Q

Eukarya are…

A

eukaryotic organisms that contain a membrane-bound nucleus

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20
Q

What are some examples of Eukarya?

A

protist, plants, fungi and animals

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21
Q

Archaea are…

A

prokaryotic cells lacking a nucleus and consist of the extremophiles

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22
Q

What are extremophiles?

A

a microorganism, especially an archaean, that lives in conditions of extreme temperature, acidity, alkalinity, or chemical concentration.

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23
Q

What are some examples of Archaea?

A

methanogens and thermophiles

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24
Q

Eubacteria are…

A

prokaryotic cells lacking a nucleus and consist of the common pathogenic forms

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25
Q

What is pathogenic forms?

A

organisms that can cause disease

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26
Q

What are some examples of Eubacteria?

A

E. coli and S. aureus

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27
Q

What are Prokaryotes?

A

they are single-celled organism which has neither a distinct nucleus with a membrane nor other specialized organelles.

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28
Q

What are Eukaryotes?

A

they are any cell or organism that possesses a clearly defined nucleus

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29
Q

What is ribosomal RNA?

A

it is a molecule in cells that forms part of the protein-synthesizing organelle known as a ribosome

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30
Q

Recent evidence from genetic studies of ribosomal RNA has shown that either Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes are far more diverse than anyone had suspected. Which of the 2 is applicable? (Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes)

A

Prokaryotes

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31
Q

Why was the previously known single kingdom (Monera) reclassified into separate domains?

A

the discovery of biochemical differences

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32
Q

What is Taxonomy?

A

it is the science involved with classifying groups of organisms on the basis of shared characteristics

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33
Q

Organisms are grouped according to…

A

a series of hierarchical taxa, the more taxa organisms share, the more similar they are

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34
Q

The principal taxa for classifying eukaryotes is…

A

kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species

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35
Q

What is the kingdom?

A

a taxonomic group that contains one or more phyla.

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36
Q

What is the phylum?

A

a subdivision of a kingdom, composed of one or more classes of organism.

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37
Q

What is the class?

A

a subdivision of a phylum, a class is composed of one or more orders of organism.

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38
Q

What is the order?

A

a subdivision of a class, composed of one or more families of organism.

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39
Q

What is the family?

A

a subdivision of an order: composed of one or more genera.

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40
Q

All plant and animal species belong to the same domain (Eukarya) because…

A

they are composed of eukaryotic cells

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41
Q

Plants and Animals differ in their classification beyond the Eukarya domain as they belong to

A

different kingdoms

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42
Q

What are the two main classification schemes used to identify living organisms?

A

artificial classification and natural classification

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43
Q

Artificial classification involves…

A

arbitrarily selecting unifying characteristics first and then grouping organisms accordingly

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44
Q

What is arbitrarily?

A

choices on the basis of random choice or personal whim, rather than any reason or system.

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45
Q

What is an advantage of artificial classification?

A

such schemes are easy to develop and relatively stable (unlikely to change)

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46
Q

What is a disadvantage of artificial classification?

A

they do not generally show evolutionary relationships

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47
Q

Natural classification involves…

A

grouping organisms based on similarities first and then identifying shared characteristics

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48
Q

What is an advantage of natural classification?

A

it can be used to show evolutionary relationships and predict characteristics shared by species within a group

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49
Q

What is a disadvantage of natural classification?

A

they are highly mutable and tend to change as new information is discovered

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50
Q

What is a disadvantage of natural classification?

A

they are highly mutable and tend to change as new information is discovered

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51
Q

What is mutable?

A

liable to change

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52
Q

Which type of classification scheme says that “each taxonomic level includes all species that would have evolved from a common ancestor”

A

natural classification

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53
Q

The kingdom Plantae contains 12 phyla which includes…

A

bryophytes, filicinophytes, coniferophytes and angiospermophytes

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54
Q

What does it mean when a plant is vascular?

A

it means they have phyloen and xylem

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55
Q

What is the role of xylem in a plant?

A

transports H2O from the roots to other parts of the plant.

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56
Q

What is the role of phyloen in a plant?

A

transports food/nutrients from the leaves to other parts of the plant.

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57
Q

Which of the kingdom Plantae phyla are non- vascular plants?

A

Chlorophyta and Bryophyta.

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58
Q

Which of the kingdom Plantae phyla are vascular plants?

A

Filicpophyta, Conniferophya, Angiospermophyta

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59
Q

What are the structures of Bryophyta

A

No “true”leaves, roots or stems

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60
Q

Does Bryophyta have vascular tissue?

A

No

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61
Q

What is the reproduction structure of the Bryophyta?

A

Spores

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62
Q

What are some features of Bryophytes?

A

they are anchored by rhizoids

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63
Q

What is an example of a Bryophyta?

A

Mosses

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64
Q

What are the structures of Filicinophyta?

A

Have leaves, roots and stems

65
Q

Does Filicinophyta have vascular tissue?

A

Yes

66
Q

What is the reproduction structure of the Bryophyta?

A

Spores

67
Q

What are some features of Filicinophyta?

A

Leaves are pinnate

68
Q

What is pinnate?

A

having leaflets arranged on either side of the stem usually in pairs opposite each other.

69
Q

What is an example of Filicinophyta?

A

Ferns

70
Q

What are the structures of Coniferophyta?

A

Have leaves, roots and stems

71
Q

Does Coniferophyta have vascular tissue?

A

Yes

72
Q

What is the reproduction structure of the Coniferophyta?

A

Seeds (in cones)

73
Q

What are some features of Coniferophyta?

A

Woody stems

74
Q

What is an example of a Coniferophyta?

A

Pines

75
Q

What are the structures of Angiospermophyta?

A

Have leaves, roots and stems

76
Q

Does Angiospermophyta have vascular tissue?

A

Yes

77
Q

What is the reproduction structure of the Angiospermophyta?

A

Seeds (in cones)

78
Q

What are some features of Angiospermophyta?

A

Have flowers and fruits

79
Q

What is an example of an Angiospermophyta?

A

Flowering plants

80
Q

What are Eukaryotes?

A

they are any cell or organism that possesses a clearly defined nucleus

81
Q

What is ribosomal RNA?

A

it is a molecule in cells that forms part of the protein-synthesizing organelle known as a ribosome

82
Q

The kingdom Animalia can be sub-divided into two main groups, what are they?

A

invertebrates and vertebrates

83
Q

What are invertebrates?

A

an animal lacking a backbone

84
Q

What are vertebrates?

A

organisms which have an internal backbone surrounded by bone, they all belong to the phylum Chordata.

85
Q

What are the main phyla in the invertebrate phyla?

A

Porifera, cnidaria, Platyhelmintha, Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda, and Chordata.

86
Q

What kind of symmetry does Porifera have?

A

None

87
Q

Is Porifera segmented?

A

no

88
Q

Does Porifera have a single entrance body cavity?

A

No, It has no mouth or anus, instead it has pores to facilitate the circulation of material

89
Q

What are other features of Porifera?

A

They are attached to rocks, and have porous along with a filter feeder.

90
Q

What are examples of Porifera?

A

sponges.

91
Q

What kind of symmetry does Cnidaria have?

A

None

92
Q

Is Cnidaria segmented?

A

Yes, it has radial symmetry

93
Q

Does Cnidaria have a single entrance body cavity?

A

Yes, it has a mouth but no anus.

94
Q

What are other features of Cnidaria?

A

They have stinging cells and tentacles.

95
Q

What are examples of Cnidaria?

A

Corals, Jellyfish

96
Q

What kind of symmetry does Platyhelmintha have?

A

Bilateral

97
Q

Is Platyhelmintha segmented?

A

no

98
Q

Does Platyhelmintha have a single entrance body cavity?

A

yes, it has a mouth but no anus

99
Q

What are other features of Platyhelmintha?

A

They have a flattened body.

100
Q

What are examples of Platyhelmintha?

A

Flatworms

101
Q

What kind of symmetry does Annelida have?

A

Bilateral

102
Q

Is Annelida segmented?

A

yes, it is very segmented

103
Q

Does Annelida have a single-entrance body cavity?

A

No, it has a separate mouth and anus

104
Q

What are other features of Annelida?

A

it often has bristles present

105
Q

What are examples of Annelida?

A

earthworms and leeches.

106
Q

What kind of symmetry does Mollusca have?

A

Bilateral

107
Q

Is Mollusca segmented?

A

yes, it has soft or non visible segmentation

108
Q

Does Mollusca have a single entrance body cavity?

A

No, it has a separate mouth and anus

109
Q

What are other features of Mollusca?

A

Most Mollusca have shells made of CaCO3

110
Q

What are examples of Mollusca?

A

Oyster, Snails, Octopus

111
Q

What kind of symmetry does Arthropoda have?

A

Bilateral

112
Q

Is Arthropoda segmented?

A

yes, it is segmented

113
Q

Does Arthropoda have a single entrance body cavity?

A

No, it has a separate mouth and anus

114
Q

What are other features of Arthropoda?

A

They have an exoskeleton and jointed appendages.

115
Q

What are examples of Arthropoda?

A

Ant, Scorpian, Crab

116
Q

What kind of symmetry does Chordata have?

A

Bilteral

117
Q

Is Chordata segmented?

A

Yes, it is segmented

118
Q

Does Chordata have a single entrance body cavity?

A

No, it has a separate mouth and anus

119
Q

What are other features of Chordata?

A

They have a hollow dorsal nerve chord, and a notochord, and (some have) pharyngeal slits.

120
Q

What are examples of Chordata?

A

Fish, Birds, Mammals.

121
Q

Chordates are animals that possess certain key features in an embryonic state that may persist into adulthood, these features include…

A

a notochord, hollow dorsal neural tube, pharyngeal slits and a post-anal tail

122
Q

What is an embryonic state?

A

it is the embryonic stage that lasts through the eighth week following fertilization, after which the embryo is called a fetus.

123
Q

What are some structural features of organisms in the sub-phylum Vertebrata? (includes birds, mammals, amphibians, reptiles and fish)

A

the neural tube of the organism will develop into a spine and the notochord will form a protective backbone

124
Q

What are the main classes in the vertebrate phyla?

A

Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles, Mammals and Birds.

125
Q

What kind of limbs do Fish have?

A

Fins

126
Q

What kind of gas exchange do Fish have?

A

Through their gills

127
Q

How do Fish reproduce?

A

External Fertilization in most species

128
Q

What is external fertilization?

A

when the sperm and egg meet outside the organism.

129
Q

Do Fish maintain a constant internal body temperature?

A

No, they are ectothermic

130
Q

What are other features of Fish?

A

Their scales grow from their skin, they have a single gill slit, and a swim bladder for buoyancy

131
Q

What is buoyancy?

A

Buoyancy is the tendency of an object to float in a fluid.

132
Q

What kind of limbs do Amphibians have?

A

4 Pentadactyl limbs

133
Q

What are Pentadactyl limbs?

A

A limb with five digits such as a human hand or foot

134
Q

What kind of gas exchange do Amphibians have?

A

They have simple lungs with small internal folds and moist surfaces

135
Q

How do Amphibians reproduce?

A

They have external fertilization in water and have protective jelly around eggs. Their larval lives in water.

136
Q

Do Amphibians maintain a constant internal body temperature?

A

No, they are ectothermic

137
Q

What are other features of Amphibians?

A

They have soft moist permeable skin.

138
Q

What is permeable skin?

A

permeable skin means that the skin of the organism can let substances go through.

139
Q

What kind of limbs do Reptiles have?

A

They have 4 pentadactyl limbs.

140
Q

What kind of gas exchange do Reptiles have?

A

they have lungs with extensive folding

141
Q

How do Reptiles reproduce?

A

They have internal fertilization and soft shells around the eggs.

142
Q

What is internal fertilization?

A

Internal fertilization is the process of fertilization that occurs inside the organism

143
Q

Do Reptiles maintain a constant internal body temperature?

A

No, they are ectothermic

144
Q

What are other features of Reptiles?

A

They have dry scaly impermeable skin and simple teeth - no living tissue

145
Q

What is impermeable skin?

A

it is the skin barrier that does not permit the passage of a fluid

146
Q

What kind of limbs do Birds have?

A

They have 4 pentadactyl limbs, 2 limbs modified as wings.

147
Q

What kind of gas exchange do Birds have?

A

They have lungs with parabronchial tubes

148
Q

How do Birds reproduce?

A

They have internal fertilization and hard shells around the eggs.

149
Q

Do Birds maintain a constant internal body temperature?

A

Yes, they are endothermic

150
Q

What are other features of Birds?

A

They have feathers growing from their skin and have a beak but no teeth.

151
Q

What kind of limbs do Mammals have?

A

they have 4 pentadactyl limbs

152
Q

What kind of gas exchange do Mammals have?

A

they have lungs with alveoli

153
Q

How do Mammals reproduce?

A

they have internal fertilization, give birth to live young, and have mammary glands which secrete milk.

154
Q

Do Mammals maintain a constant internal body temperature?

A

Yes, they are endothermic

155
Q

What are other features of Mammals?

A

They have hairs that grow from the skin and have teeth including living tissue.

156
Q

What is a dichotomous key?

A

it is a method of identification whereby groups of organisms are divided into two categories repeatedly

157
Q

How do you know when an organism has been identified?

A

When the organism no longer shares its totality of selected characteristics with any organism

158
Q

When using a dichotomous key to identify specimens it is preferable to use…

A

immutable features (i.e. features that do not change)

IBDP Biology SL/HL (3 decks)

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