Skull PP

Question 1

Splanchnocranium

Answer 1

Supports gill structures, contributes to the jaw, derived from the neural crest

Question 2

Chondrocranium

Answer 2

Forms the base of the skull, encases the brain, derived from mesoderm

Question 3

Dermatocranium

Answer 3

Encases other skull components, forms most of the skull in amniotes

Question 4

Braincase

Answer 4

Fused cranial components that protect the brain (ossified or not)

Question 5

Neurocranium

Answer 5

Braincase and associated sensory capsules

Question 6

What are the three major components of the vertebrate skull?

Answer 6

Splanchnocranium, Chondrocranium, Dermatocranium

Question 7

Anapsid

Answer 7

No temporal openings (e.g., turtles)

Question 8

Synapsid

Answer 8

One temporal opening (e.g., mammals)

Question 9

Diapsid

Answer 9

Two temporal openings (e.g., reptiles, birds)

Question 10

Euryapsid

Answer 10

One upper temporal opening (e.g., extinct marine reptiles)

Question 11

Paleostyly

Answer 11

No jaw suspension (agnathans)

Question 12

Euautostyly

Answer 12

Jaw attached to skull without support (early gnathostomes)

Question 13

Amphistyly

Answer 13

Dual suspension via ligaments and hyomandibula (early sharks)

Question 14

Hyostyly

Answer 14

Hyomandibula dominant, allows jaw protrusion (modern fish)

Question 15

Metautostyly

Answer 15

Quadrate bone used for jaw articulation (reptiles, amphibians)

Question 16

Craniostyly

Answer 16

Jaw fused to skull (mammals)

Question 17

Facial Series

Answer 17

Defines snout and jaw (maxilla, premaxilla, nasal)

Question 18

Orbital Series

Answer 18

Surrounds the eye (lacrimal, jugal)

Question 19

Temporal Series

Answer 19

Jaw muscle attachment (squamosal, quadratojugal)

Question 20

Vault Series

Answer 20

Forms the skull roof (frontal, parietal)

Question 21

Palatal Series

Answer 21

Forms the mouth roof (pterygoid, vomer)

Question 22

Mandibular Series

Answer 22

Forms the lower jaw (dentary, splenial)

Question 23

Kinetic skulls

Answer 23

Movable joints allow flexibility (fish, birds, reptiles)

Question 24

Akinetic skulls

Answer 24

Fixed joints provide strength for chewing (mammals)

Question 25

What are the five regions of the vertebral column

Answer 25

Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral, Caudal

Question 26

Cervical

Answer 26

Supports the head, includes Atlas (C1) and Axis (C2)

Question 27

Thoracic

Answer 27

Bears ribs, protects organs

Question 28

Lumbar

Answer 28

Provides support for locomotion

Question 29

Sacral

Answer 29

Fused to pelvis for stability

Question 30

Caudal

Answer 30

Forms the tail, used for balance and movement

Question 31

What are the different types of vertebral centra?

Answer 31

Acoelous, Amphicoelous, Procoelous, Opisthocoelous, Heterocoelous

Question 32

Acoelous

Answer 32

Flat ends (mammals)

Question 33

Amphicoelous

Answer 33

Concave on both ends (fish)

Question 34

Procoelous

Answer 34

Concave anteriorly (reptiles)

Question 35

Opisthocoelous

Answer 35

Concave posteriorly (salamanders)

Question 36

Heterocoelous

Answer 36

Saddle-shaped for flexibility (birds)