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Head And Neck > Skull Osteology and Radiographic Apperance > Flashcards

Skull Osteology and Radiographic Apperance Flashcards

1
Q

How many bones are in the skull

How many bones in Neuro and Viscerocranium?

A

22

Neuro- 8
Viscero- 14

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2
Q

The skull includes the cranium and mandible.

Cranium consists of Viscero and Neurocranium.

What is the cranial cavity?

A

Space within cranium, which holds the brain

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3
Q

What are the tough, fibrous, serrated joints between the bones of the skull called?

How do they Chang with age?

A

Sutures, ossify with age

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4
Q

Compare Foramina and Fissures

A

Foramina- Round ish holes

Fissure- Slit like holes

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5
Q

What are 3 components of the Neurocranium

A
  • Calvaria (“Skull cap or Vault” no lower limit)
  • Cranial Floor
  • Cranial Cavity
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6
Q

Compare the development of the Calvaria and Cranial Floor

A

Calvaria- Begin as membranes, undergo IM Ossification

Cranial Floor- Begin as cartilage, undergo Endochondral Ossification

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7
Q

Describe the development of the Viscerocranium

A

Begin as Membranes or cartilage and ossify

Most structures develop from Pharyngeal Arches

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8
Q

Describe the Tri-lamina arrangement of the layers of the Calvaria

What is the purpose of this arrangement?

A
  • 2 layers of Compact bone (Outer and Inner tables)
  • Separated by a layer of Spongy bone, called the Diploe

Provides strength to skull without adding significant weight

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9
Q

Despite the strength of the Calvaria, what can serve blows result in?

A
  • Local depression and splintering of bone

- Linear fractures radiating away from point of injury

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10
Q

In young age the 2 halves of the Frontal Bone fuse together. Sometimes they do not fuse fully, leaving a suture line in the middle.

Name the suture

A

Metopic suture

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11
Q

When looking at the skull laterally which part of Sphenoid bone can be seen?

What 3 bones can we see that it shares a suture with?

A

Greater wing of sphenoid

Frontal, Temporal, Parietal

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12
Q

Where is the Coronal Suture?

A

Between frontal and paired parietal

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13
Q

Where is the Saggital Suture?

A

Between the 2 paired parietal bones

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14
Q

Where is the Lamboid Suture?

A

Between Occipital bone and 2 paired parietal bones

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15
Q

What are the Bregma and Lambda?

A

Bregma: Junction of Sagittal and Coronal sutures

Lambda: Junction of Sagittal and Lamboid sutures

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16
Q

What is significant about the Bregma and Lambda?

Why is this?

A

Remain membranous in feta skull up to age of 2 in infant’s skull

This allows growth of bones

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17
Q

What are Fontanelles?

Where are they found?

A

Large areas of unossified, membranous skull

Between flat bones of Calvaria

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18
Q

Name the 2 main Fontanelles in an infant, and state where they are found

A

Anterior: At site of future Bregma
Posterior: At site of future Lambda

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19
Q

Why are Fontanelles important?

A
  • Skull bones not fully fused, so allows for alteration of skull size and shape during childbirth
  • Permits growth of infant’s brain
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20
Q

When do the anterior and posterior Fontanelles fuse in early infancy?

A

Anterior: 18 to 24 months of age
Posterior: 1-3 months of age

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21
Q

Rarely, the Fontanelles and/ or sutures can fuse early.

What is this called?

What can this result in later in life?

A

Craniosynostosis, can result in increased developmental disorders due to increased cranial pressure

22
Q

Describe the how the Anterior Fontanelles is clinically useful when examining newborns and infants

A
  • Slightly convex in a healthy baby
  • AF bulges if high intra-cranial pulse
  • AF appears sunken if dehydrated
23
Q

The Perisoteum covers surface of BOTH inner and outer tables of skull bones.

Describe how it covers the inner table

A
  • Strongly adhered to bone surfaces including edges at suture lines
  • Continuous through suture and onto inner table of same bone
24
Q

What and where is the Pterion?

A

The thinnest part of the Calvaria, lies on lateral aspect of skull

(Superior and posterior aspect of outer surface of greater wing of sphenoid)

25
Q

What could a fracture at the Pterion lead to?

A
  • Injury of Middle Meningeal Artery (immediately beneath bone)
  • Bleeding causes Extradural Haematoma/ Haemorrhage
  • Blood gathers between Bone and Periosteum
  • Exerts pressure on brain
26
Q

Multiple foramina/ canals/ fissures are found within the Cranial Floor

Name the 3 bowl-shaped Depressions/ Fossae of the Cranial Floor

A
  • Anterior
  • Middle (butterfly shaped)
  • Posterior
27
Q

List the bones of the Anterior Cranial Fossa

What are the Orbital plates?

A
  • Frontal
  • Ethmoid (In middle of frontal bone)
  • Sphenoid

Parts of the Frontal one overlying Orbital plates

28
Q

What is the Crista Galli of the Ethmoid bone?

A

A bony upwards prominence, to which the Dural Fold attaches

29
Q

Describe the Cribriform Plate of the Ethmoid bone?

A
  • A flat plate from which the Crista Galli protrudes

- And has many Cribriform Foramina (Olfactory nerves pass through)

30
Q

What is the inferior projection of the Ethmoid bone called?

What does it do?

A

Perpendicular plate, separates nasal cavity into left and right

31
Q

Which part of the temporal bone forms the boundary of the middle and posterior cranial fossae

A

Petrous bone

32
Q

Which part of temporal bone houses middle and inner ear structures?

(Very hard bone to guard these delicate structures)

A

Petrous

33
Q

Skulls fractures of the cranial vault (Calvaria) can be Linear or Comminuted

Compare them

A

Linear: Fairly straight, no bone displacement

Comminuted: Multiple fracture lines, bone fragments may displace inwards (Depressed or non-depressed)

34
Q

What are 4 signs that suggest a Basilar Skull Fracture?

A
  • Battle’s sign: Bruise over mastoid process
  • Racoon eyes: Bruising around both eye
  • Haemotypanum: Blood behind eardrum
  • CSF leak from Ear (CSF Otorrheoa) or Nose (CSF Rhinorrhea)
35
Q

Anteriorly, what bones does the frontal bone articulate with

A

Zygomatic, Nasal and Lacrimal

36
Q

What are the most common facial bone fractures

A
  • Nasal bone
  • Mandible (Fracture of this may associate with TMJ dislocation)
  • Zygomatic bone and arch
37
Q

What usually accompanies a single Mandibular fracture?

A

Another fracture somewhere else on mandible

38
Q

What is the Le Fort classification? (Type I, II, III)

A

A way of classifying injuries to the mid-face depending on bones involved

39
Q

Describe the Temporomandiblar Joint

A

A synovial hinge-type joint divided into 2 synovial cavities by fibrocartilaginous disc

40
Q

How does TMJ Disorder/ TMD present

A
  • Pain (ear/jaw/ lateral side of head)
  • Clicking
  • Locking
41
Q

Other than TMJ Disorder name 2 possible conditions associated of the TMJ

A

Dislocation, Arthritis

42
Q

What nerve innervates the TMJ

A

Ariculotemporal nerve (Branch of Mandibular division of Trigeminal nerve)

(Sensory nerve)

43
Q

Describe the anatomy of the TMJ

A
  • Articular surfaces of bones lined with Fibrocartilage, do not come into direct contact
  • Separated by Fibrocartilaginous disc (divides into 2 cavities filled with synovial fluid)
44
Q

How is the TMJ stabilised?

A

By a joint capsule and 3 Extracapsular ligaments

45
Q

What type of movements occur at the Inferior and Superior joint capsules of the TMJ? (Separated by joint capsule)

A

Inferior joint capsule: Hinge/ rotational action allowing mouth to open and close

Superior joint capsule: Gliding action (retraction and protraction)

46
Q

Name the 3 muscles involved in Mandible elevation

A
  • Masseter
  • Temporalis
  • Medial Pterygoid
47
Q

Name the 3 muscles involved in Mandible depression

What is the main method that doesn’t involve muscles

A
  • Lateral Pterygoid
  • Platysma and Suprahyoids assist if against resistance

Via gravity

48
Q

Name the 2 muscles involved in Mandible protrusion

A
  • Lateral Pterygoid

- Medial Pterygoid assists

49
Q

Name the muscle involved in Mandible retraction

A

Posterior fibres of Temporalis

50
Q

Name 2 causes of TMJ dislocation

A
  • Facial trauma

- Yawning

51
Q

Why does the jaw lock after a TMJ Dislocation?

A
  • Due to anterior dislocation of Mandibular condyle over articular tubercle
  • Contraction of muscles around joint keep joint locked in anterior displacement

Head And Neck (20 decks)

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