Skull & Face Flashcards
How many bones are in the skull?
22 + hyoid bone = 23
7 single element + 8 paired + hyoid bone = 23
What re the functions of the skull?
Support & protection (brain,cranial nerves,organs of special senses)
Beginning of respiratory and alimentary tracts
Insertion of muscles of facial expression
Mastication
How many regions can the skull be divided into? And what are the names?
2
Neurocranium and viscerocranium
Structure and function of Neurocranium?
Consists of a base and vault with sides and rooof (calvaria)
Supports and protects brain
Structure and function of vuscerocranium?
upper part forms the orbits and nose, lower part + (mandible) forms jaws
• Includes most of face, plus hyoid and larynx.
• Involved in breathing and eating
Cranial bones in Neurocranium?
Frontal Parietal Temporal Sphenoid Occipital Ethmoid
What are the cranial bones in the viscerocranium?
Lacrimal Nasal Zygomatic Maxilla Inf. nasal concha Palatine Vomer Mandible Hyoid
What are cranial sutures?
Articulations between bones of the skull
What are fontanelle?
Soft membranous gaps between the cranial bones in the foetus or infant enabling the skull to flex during childbirth
What are sutures?
Fibrous joints connecting bones of the Neurocranium
They allow the growth of the Neurocranium
When do the fontanelle close?
In the first two years of life?
anterior fontanelle closes by 18-24 months
How many are the fontanelle?
4
Where are the fontanelle located?
- LARGE FONTANELLE located Anterior at BREGMA
- POSTERIOR FONTANELLE located at LAMBDA
- SPHENOID FONTANELLE located at PTERION
- MASTOID fontanelle located at ASTERION
What are air sinuses?
Mucous- lined, air filled cavities within the bones of the skull
Connected to lateral walks of nasal cavity
What is the content of the cranial cavity?
Brain & meninges
Pituitary gland
Cranial nerves
Duran venous sinuses
What are the three layers of the meningis called?
Dura mater (outer) Arachnoid (intermediate) Pia mater (innermost)
How many are the cranial nerves ?
12
What is CN I?
Olfactory
What is CN II?
Optic
What is CN III? (Cranial nerve III)
Oculomotor
What is CN IV (Cranial nerve IV)?
Trochlear nerve
What si CN V ?
TRIGEMINAL nerve
What is CN VI?
Abducenta nerve
What is CN VII?
Facial nerve
What is CN VIII?
Vestibulocochlear
What is CN IX?
Glossopharyngeal nerve
What is CN X?
Vagus nerve
What is CN XI?
Spinal (accessory) nerve
What is CN XII?
Hypoglossal nerve
Where is the origin of olfactory nerve?
Cribiform plate
Where does the optic nerve originate from?
Optic canal
Which nerves originate from the Superior orbital fissure?
Oculomotor nerve
Trochlear nerve
Ophthalmic nerve
Abducens nerve
Which nerves originates from the FORAMEN rotundum?
Maxillary nerve
Where does the madibular nerve (CN V3) originate from?
Foramen Ovale
Which nerves originate from the internal acoustic meatus?
Facial nerve (CN VII) Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)
Which nerves originate from the jugular foramen?
Glossopharyngeal nerve ( CN IX) Vagus nerve (CN X) Accessory nerve (CN XI)
Where does the hypoglossal nerve CN XII rovinate from?
Hypoglossal canal
What is the function of the olfactory nerve? (Sensory)
Smell
Which cranial nerve is responsible for vision?
Optic nerve (CN II) ? (SENSORY)
Which cranial nerve is responsible for the movement of eyeball?
CN III oculomotor (MOTOR)
What is the function of the trochlear nerve ( CN IV (motor)?
Superior oblique (muscle of the eyeball)
What is the function of the Trigeminal Nerve CN V (SENSORY/MOTOR)?
Sensory to face and muscles of mastication
What is the function of the Abducens nerve CNVI (MOTOR)?
Lateral rectus (muscle of the eyeball)
What is the function of Facial CN VII (sensory/motor) ?
Muscles of facial expression, salivary glands, lacrimal gland, taste anterior, 2/3rd tongue
Which cranial nerve is responsible for hearing and balance?
CN VIII Vestibulocochlear nerve (SENSORY)
What is the function Glossopharyngeal ( Sensory/motor) ?
Taste posterior 1/3rd, salivary gland, pharynx (motor and sensory), sensory of tongue post 1/3, tympanic region, Eustachian tube
What are the functions of the Vagus nerve CN X ?
Larynx and pharynx (motor and sensory)
Parasympathetic to the rest of the body
Which nerve is responsible for the movement of the head and the shoulder?
Accessory Nerve CN XI (MOTOR)
Which cranial nerve innervates the muscles of the tongue?
hypoglossal CN XII (MOTOR)
What is the function of the dural venous sinuses?
Drain blood from the brain and passage it into the internal jugular vein
Which cranial nerves travel through cavernous sinus?
Abducens nerve CN VI
Also Internal carotid artery (cavernous part)
Which cranial nerves travel through lateral wall of cavernous sinus?
Oculomotor nerve CN III
Trochlear nerve CN IV
(Ophthalmic (V1) and maxillary (V2) branches of the trigeminal nerve )
What is the name of socks that eyes sit in?
Orbit
N.B. Orbit is larger than eye, space occupied by fat
How many muscles control the movement of the eye?
6 extrinsic muscles
What are the 3 regions of the ear?
External ear
Middle ear
Inner ear
What are the ear ossicles?
Malleus
Incus
Stapes
What are the muscles of the 1st pharyngeal arch?
M. Temporalis
M. Massager
M.mylohyoideus
M. Digastricus venter anterior
What are the muscles of the 2nd pharyngeal arch?
M. Auricularis aterior M. Occipitofrontalis, venter occipital is M. Orbicularis oculi M. Occipitofrontalis, venter frontalis M. Buccinator M. Orbicularis oris
Muscles of the 3rd pharyngeal arch?
M. Stylohyoideuus
M. Digastricus, venter posterior
How many layers is the scalp made of ?
5
Skin - layer 1 Connective tissue - layer 2 Aponeurosis - layer 3 Loose connective tissue - layer 4 Periosteum - layer 5 (outermost layer of bones and cranium)
What branches of the internal carotid artery supply the scalp (anterior)?
Supratrochlear artery
Supraorbital artery
What are the branches of the external carotid artery that supply the scalp (posterior)?
Superficial temporal artery
Posterior auricular artery
Occipital artery
What nerves supply the scalp?
Supratrochlear & supraorbital nerves - (CNV1) Zygomaticotemporal - (CNV2) Auriculotemporal - (CNV3) Lesser occipital Greater occipital
What are the muscles of facial expression?
Orbicularis oculi: orbital part, palpebrai part
Nasal group: nasalis, proceeds, depressor septi nasi
Oral group: orbicularis oris, buccinator muscles, upper group of oral muscles , lower group of oral muscles
Other muscles: occipitofrontalis, platysma, auricular muscles
What are the branches of the facial nerve (VII)?
Temporal branch Zygomatic branch Buccal branch Mandibular branch Cervical branch Posterior auricular nerve
What are the sensory nerves supply to the face?
Supra-orbital nerves: from supra-orbital foraminae
Zygomatico-facial nerves: from zygomaticofacial foramen
Infra orbital nerves: from infra-orbital foraminae
Mental nerves: form mental foraminae
What is the arterial blood supply of the face?
Supratrochlear a. Supraorbital a. Superficial temporal a. Transverse facial a. Facial a.: sumbmental, superiors & inferior labial lateral nasal External carotid a.
What is the venous blood supply of the face?
Supratrochlear v. Supraorbital v. Superficial temporal v. Transverse v. Facial v. Internal jugular v.
What is the danger triangle of face?
Communication between cavernous sinus and facial/inferior orbital veins are the possible route of infection into the cranial cavity
What are the lymph nodes of the face?
Submental
Submandibular
Preauricular
Postauricular
What are the muscles of mastication?
Temporalis
Massager
Lateral pterygoid
Medial pterygoid
Which cranial nerves originate from the Superior orbital fissure?
Oculomotor nerve CN III
Trochlear nerve CN IV
Ophthalmic nerve CNV1
Abducens nerve CN VI
What are the branches of the Trigeminal nerve CN V ?
Ophthalmic CNV1
Maxillary CN V2
Mandibular CN V3
Which nerve innervates the muscles of mastication?
Mandibular nerve CN V3
What is the blood supply to the muscles of mastication?
Deep temporal arteries
Maxi alley artery
Massoterapia artery
Pterygoid branches
What is the function of the temporalis muscle?
Elevate, retract & protrude the mandible
What is the function of the masseter muscle and media, pterygoid muscle ?
Elevate & protrude the mandible
What is the function of the lateral pterygoid muscle?
Depress & protrude the mandible
What are the two categories of salivary glands?
Major glands 3 pairs
Minor glands: many
What are the 3 pair of major glands?
Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual
What are the minor glands?
Labial
Buccal
Lingual
Palatine
What is the characteristic of the parotid gland?
Enter oral cavity via parotid duct (Stenson’s duct, superficial to masseter muscle) to pierce buccinator muscle at 2nd molar
What is the nerve supply to the parotid gland?
Parasympathetic secretomotor Glossopharyngeal CN IX
What is the characteristic of the submandibular gland? (Aka Wharton duct)
- divided into two parts: superficial & deep which connect to posterior border of mylohyoid muscle
- sits lateral to tongue muscles
What is the nerve supply to the submandibular gland?
Parasympathetic secretomotor: facial nerve CN VII
What is the characteristic of the sublingual gland?
Sits in the floor on the mouth in sublingual fold between tongue and myolohyoid muscle
What is the nerve supply the sublingual gland?
Parasympathetic secretomotor: Facial Nerve VII
What is the TMJ? What structures is it made of?
Temporomandibular joint
Temporal bone+ mandible wit( lateral pterygoid muscle