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Head And Neck Anatomy > Skull & Face > Flashcards

Skull & Face Flashcards

1
Q

How many bones are in the skull?

A

22 + hyoid bone = 23

7 single element + 8 paired + hyoid bone = 23

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2
Q

What re the functions of the skull?

A

Support & protection (brain,cranial nerves,organs of special senses)

Beginning of respiratory and alimentary tracts

Insertion of muscles of facial expression

Mastication

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3
Q

How many regions can the skull be divided into? And what are the names?

A

2

Neurocranium and viscerocranium

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4
Q

Structure and function of Neurocranium?

A

Consists of a base and vault with sides and rooof (calvaria)

Supports and protects brain

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5
Q

Structure and function of vuscerocranium?

A

upper part forms the orbits and nose, lower part + (mandible) forms jaws
• Includes most of face, plus hyoid and larynx.
• Involved in breathing and eating

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6
Q

Cranial bones in Neurocranium?

A 
Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Sphenoid
Occipital
Ethmoid
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7
Q

What are the cranial bones in the viscerocranium?

A 
Lacrimal
Nasal
Zygomatic
Maxilla
Inf. nasal concha
Palatine 
Vomer 
Mandible 
Hyoid
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8
Q

What are cranial sutures?

A

Articulations between bones of the skull

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9
Q

What are fontanelle?

A

Soft membranous gaps between the cranial bones in the foetus or infant enabling the skull to flex during childbirth

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10
Q

What are sutures?

A

Fibrous joints connecting bones of the Neurocranium

They allow the growth of the Neurocranium

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11
Q

When do the fontanelle close?

A

In the first two years of life?

anterior fontanelle closes by 18-24 months

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12
Q

How many are the fontanelle?

A

4

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13
Q

Where are the fontanelle located?

A
  • LARGE FONTANELLE located Anterior at BREGMA
  • POSTERIOR FONTANELLE located at LAMBDA
  • SPHENOID FONTANELLE located at PTERION
  • MASTOID fontanelle located at ASTERION
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14
Q

What are air sinuses?

A

Mucous- lined, air filled cavities within the bones of the skull

Connected to lateral walks of nasal cavity

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15
Q

What is the content of the cranial cavity?

A

Brain & meninges
Pituitary gland
Cranial nerves
Duran venous sinuses

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16
Q

What are the three layers of the meningis called?

A 
Dura mater (outer)
Arachnoid (intermediate)
Pia mater (innermost)
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17
Q

How many are the cranial nerves ?

A

12

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18
Q

What is CN I?

A

Olfactory

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19
Q

What is CN II?

A

Optic

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20
Q

What is CN III? (Cranial nerve III)

A

Oculomotor

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21
Q

What is CN IV (Cranial nerve IV)?

A

Trochlear nerve

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22
Q

What si CN V ?

A

TRIGEMINAL nerve

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23
Q

What is CN VI?

A

Abducenta nerve

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24
Q

What is CN VII?

A

Facial nerve

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25
Q

What is CN VIII?

A

Vestibulocochlear

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26
Q

What is CN IX?

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve

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27
Q

What is CN X?

A

Vagus nerve

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28
Q

What is CN XI?

A

Spinal (accessory) nerve

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29
Q

What is CN XII?

A

Hypoglossal nerve

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30
Q

Where is the origin of olfactory nerve?

A

Cribiform plate

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31
Q

Where does the optic nerve originate from?

A

Optic canal

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32
Q

Which nerves originate from the Superior orbital fissure?

A

Oculomotor nerve
Trochlear nerve
Ophthalmic nerve
Abducens nerve

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33
Q

Which nerves originates from the FORAMEN rotundum?

A

Maxillary nerve

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34
Q

Where does the madibular nerve (CN V3) originate from?

A

Foramen Ovale

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35
Q

Which nerves originate from the internal acoustic meatus?

A 
Facial nerve (CN VII)
Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)
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36
Q

Which nerves originate from the jugular foramen?

A 
Glossopharyngeal nerve ( CN IX)
Vagus nerve (CN X)
Accessory nerve (CN XI)
37
Q

Where does the hypoglossal nerve CN XII rovinate from?

A

Hypoglossal canal

38
Q

What is the function of the olfactory nerve? (Sensory)

A

Smell

39
Q

Which cranial nerve is responsible for vision?

A

Optic nerve (CN II) ? (SENSORY)

40
Q

Which cranial nerve is responsible for the movement of eyeball?

A

CN III oculomotor (MOTOR)

41
Q

What is the function of the trochlear nerve ( CN IV (motor)?

A

Superior oblique (muscle of the eyeball)

42
Q

What is the function of the Trigeminal Nerve CN V (SENSORY/MOTOR)?

A

Sensory to face and muscles of mastication

43
Q

What is the function of the Abducens nerve CNVI (MOTOR)?

A

Lateral rectus (muscle of the eyeball)

44
Q

What is the function of Facial CN VII (sensory/motor) ?

A

Muscles of facial expression, salivary glands, lacrimal gland, taste anterior, 2/3rd tongue

45
Q

Which cranial nerve is responsible for hearing and balance?

A

CN VIII Vestibulocochlear nerve (SENSORY)

46
Q

What is the function Glossopharyngeal ( Sensory/motor) ?

A

Taste posterior 1/3rd, salivary gland, pharynx (motor and sensory), sensory of tongue post 1/3, tympanic region, Eustachian tube

47
Q

What are the functions of the Vagus nerve CN X ?

A

Larynx and pharynx (motor and sensory)

Parasympathetic to the rest of the body

48
Q

Which nerve is responsible for the movement of the head and the shoulder?

A

Accessory Nerve CN XI (MOTOR)

49
Q

Which cranial nerve innervates the muscles of the tongue?

A

hypoglossal CN XII (MOTOR)

50
Q

What is the function of the dural venous sinuses?

A

Drain blood from the brain and passage it into the internal jugular vein

51
Q

Which cranial nerves travel through cavernous sinus?

A

Abducens nerve CN VI

Also Internal carotid artery (cavernous part)

52
Q

Which cranial nerves travel through lateral wall of cavernous sinus?

A

Oculomotor nerve CN III
Trochlear nerve CN IV

(Ophthalmic (V1) and maxillary (V2) branches of the trigeminal nerve )

53
Q

What is the name of socks that eyes sit in?

A

Orbit

N.B. Orbit is larger than eye, space occupied by fat

54
Q

How many muscles control the movement of the eye?

A

6 extrinsic muscles

55
Q

What are the 3 regions of the ear?

A

External ear
Middle ear
Inner ear

56
Q

What are the ear ossicles?

A

Malleus
Incus
Stapes

57
Q

What are the muscles of the 1st pharyngeal arch?

A

M. Temporalis
M. Massager
M.mylohyoideus
M. Digastricus venter anterior

58
Q

What are the muscles of the 2nd pharyngeal arch?

A 
M. Auricularis aterior 
M. Occipitofrontalis, venter occipital is 
M. Orbicularis oculi
M. Occipitofrontalis, venter frontalis
M. Buccinator
M. Orbicularis oris
59
Q

Muscles of the 3rd pharyngeal arch?

A

M. Stylohyoideuus

M. Digastricus, venter posterior

60
Q

How many layers is the scalp made of ?

A

5

Skin - layer 1
Connective tissue - layer 2 
Aponeurosis - layer 3
Loose connective tissue - layer 4 
Periosteum - layer 5  (outermost layer of bones and cranium)
61
Q

What branches of the internal carotid artery supply the scalp (anterior)?

A

Supratrochlear artery

Supraorbital artery

62
Q

What are the branches of the external carotid artery that supply the scalp (posterior)?

A

Superficial temporal artery
Posterior auricular artery
Occipital artery

63
Q

What nerves supply the scalp?

A 
Supratrochlear & supraorbital nerves - (CNV1)
Zygomaticotemporal - (CNV2)
Auriculotemporal - (CNV3)
Lesser occipital
Greater occipital
64
Q

What are the muscles of facial expression?

A

Orbicularis oculi: orbital part, palpebrai part

Nasal group: nasalis, proceeds, depressor septi nasi

Oral group: orbicularis oris, buccinator muscles, upper group of oral muscles , lower group of oral muscles

Other muscles: occipitofrontalis, platysma, auricular muscles

65
Q

What are the branches of the facial nerve (VII)?

A 
Temporal branch
Zygomatic branch
Buccal branch
Mandibular branch
Cervical branch 
Posterior auricular nerve
66
Q

What are the sensory nerves supply to the face?

A

Supra-orbital nerves: from supra-orbital foraminae
Zygomatico-facial nerves: from zygomaticofacial foramen
Infra orbital nerves: from infra-orbital foraminae
Mental nerves: form mental foraminae

67
Q

What is the arterial blood supply of the face?

A 
Supratrochlear a.
Supraorbital a.
Superficial temporal a.
Transverse facial a.
Facial a.: sumbmental, superiors & inferior labial lateral nasal
External carotid a.
68
Q

What is the venous blood supply of the face?

A 
Supratrochlear v.
Supraorbital v.
Superficial temporal v.
Transverse v.
Facial v.
Internal jugular v.
69
Q

What is the danger triangle of face?

A

Communication between cavernous sinus and facial/inferior orbital veins are the possible route of infection into the cranial cavity

70
Q

What are the lymph nodes of the face?

A

Submental
Submandibular
Preauricular
Postauricular

71
Q

What are the muscles of mastication?

A

Temporalis
Massager
Lateral pterygoid
Medial pterygoid

72
Q

Which cranial nerves originate from the Superior orbital fissure?

A

Oculomotor nerve CN III
Trochlear nerve CN IV
Ophthalmic nerve CNV1
Abducens nerve CN VI

73
Q

What are the branches of the Trigeminal nerve CN V ?

A

Ophthalmic CNV1
Maxillary CN V2
Mandibular CN V3

74
Q

Which nerve innervates the muscles of mastication?

A

Mandibular nerve CN V3

75
Q

What is the blood supply to the muscles of mastication?

A

Deep temporal arteries
Maxi alley artery
Massoterapia artery
Pterygoid branches

76
Q

What is the function of the temporalis muscle?

A

Elevate, retract & protrude the mandible

77
Q

What is the function of the masseter muscle and media, pterygoid muscle ?

A

Elevate & protrude the mandible

78
Q

What is the function of the lateral pterygoid muscle?

A

Depress & protrude the mandible

79
Q

What are the two categories of salivary glands?

A

Major glands 3 pairs

Minor glands: many

80
Q

What are the 3 pair of major glands?

A

Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual

81
Q

What are the minor glands?

A

Labial
Buccal
Lingual
Palatine

82
Q

What is the characteristic of the parotid gland?

A

Enter oral cavity via parotid duct (Stenson’s duct, superficial to masseter muscle) to pierce buccinator muscle at 2nd molar

83
Q

What is the nerve supply to the parotid gland?

A

Parasympathetic secretomotor Glossopharyngeal CN IX

84
Q

What is the characteristic of the submandibular gland? (Aka Wharton duct)

A
  • divided into two parts: superficial & deep which connect to posterior border of mylohyoid muscle
  • sits lateral to tongue muscles
85
Q

What is the nerve supply to the submandibular gland?

A

Parasympathetic secretomotor: facial nerve CN VII

86
Q

What is the characteristic of the sublingual gland?

A

Sits in the floor on the mouth in sublingual fold between tongue and myolohyoid muscle

87
Q

What is the nerve supply the sublingual gland?

A

Parasympathetic secretomotor: Facial Nerve VII

88
Q

What is the TMJ? What structures is it made of?

A

Temporomandibular joint

Temporal bone+ mandible wit( lateral pterygoid muscle

Head And Neck Anatomy (2 decks)

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