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Dentistry Year 2 OCB > Skull and Intracranial region > Flashcards

Skull and Intracranial region Flashcards

1
Q

What does the cranium mean?

A

Skull

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2
Q

What are the two parts that the neurocranium is made of?

A

1) Neurocranium
- The skull cap, cranial base an intracranial region, inner surface of the base of the skull
- Formed of 8 bones: singular bones are frontal, ethmoid, sphenoidal and occipital while paired bones are the temporal and parietal

2) Viscerocranium
- Comprises the facial bones in the anterior part of the cranium:
bones surround the mouth and forming upper and lower jaw, nose and nasal cavity and orbits.
- The singular bones are mandible and vomer, the paired bones are maxillae, inferior nasal conchae, zygomatic, palatine, nasal and lacrimal.

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3
Q

What is the only movable joint in the cranium?

A

The TMJ.

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4
Q

List some of the bones of the skull (cranial and facial)

from diagram

A

Frontal bone (front of head)

Parietal bone (side of head)

Occipital bone (back of head)

Temporal bone (side of head)

Sphenoid bone (back of eye)

Ethmoid bone (middle of the eye and sticks into intra cranial region

Nasal bone

Zygomatic bone (cheek bone)

Maxilla

Mandible

Pterion (where all the bones meet)

Vomeer bone

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5
Q

What two bones come together to form the nasal septum?

A

Ethmoid bone - has a perpendicular plate in the middle which forms the nasal septum. Ethmoid bone and vomer together make the nasal septum.

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6
Q

List the cranial bones from slide

A

Frontal bone - forms part of the top of the head, forehead and roofs of orbits

Parietal bone - divided approximately mid-sagittally, forms the lateral walls and roof of the cranium

Occipital bone - represents the posterior region of the skull

Temporal bones - form the interior lateral walls and part of the floor of the cranium

Sphenoid bone - shaped like a butterfly. Unites the cranial and facial bones. Articulates with every other cranial bone and also with the palatine bones.

Ethmoid bone - positioned between the orbits. Forms the anteromedial floor of the cranium, the roof of the nasal cavity and part of the nasal septum.

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7
Q

WHAT CONNECTS THE NEUROCRANIUM TO THE VISCEROCRANIUM?

A

THE SPHENOID BONE

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8
Q

Give a description of some of the facial bones

A

Maxilla bone - form the central part of the facial skeleton. The two of them unite to form the upper jaw supporting upper teeth

Palatine bones - small bones with a distinct L shape. They form part of the hard palate, nasal cavity and eye orbit

Zygomatic bone - commonly referred to as
cheek bones, form part of the lateral wall of each orbit and the cheeks

Lacrimal bones - smallest bones in the skull. Has a groove for the tear duct which drains into the nasal cavity

Nasal bones - form the bridge of nose, lateral side articulates with the medial edge of the maxilla.

Vomer bone - forms the inferior posterior part of the nasal septum. Articulates along its midline with both the maxillae and the palatine bones. Its ‘wings’ articulates superiorly with the sphenoid bone and the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone forming together the bony nasal septum

Inferior nasal conchae bones - located in the lateral walls of the nasal cavort. Help create turbulence in inhaled air (warm air). Have superior and inferior counterparts that are part of the ethmoid bone.

Mandible - forms the entire lower jaw. Supports the lower teeth and proves attachment for muscles of mastication.

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9
Q

Give some of the anatomy of the mandible

A 
Condylar process (behind)
Coronoid process (in front)
Alveolar process
Mental foramen 
Body
Ramus 
Angle (body to ramus)
Mental protuberance

Inside surface of mandible = foramen for the inferior alveolar nerves and vessels. Called the mandibular foramen. Need to hit here to anaesthetise.

As the inferior alveolar nerve enters the mandibular foramen, it gives off a moron nerve.

External surface of mandible - mental foramen. The terminal branches of the inferior alveolar nerves emerge to supply skin as the mental nerve.

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10
Q

What is the basic anatomy of the TMJ?

A

Condylar process articulates with the temporal bone to form the TMJ.

Articulates with articular disks.

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11
Q

Where are the 4 main sinuses found in the skull and what are they for?

What can be indicated by a pain in the front of the head?

A

Frontal
Ethmoid
Sphenoid
Maxillary

Spaces containing air and mucus which can drain through.

Bend down to floor and its painful to do that, it will mean you have a mucus block here. Frontal sinusitis tends to clear use to gravity.
If you have pain in the maxilla, means inflamed sinuses. It goes against gravity here so antibiotics will be needed to clear it.

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12
Q

What is the reason for having skull sutures?

A

Allows the bones to move during the birth process acting like a expansion joint, allowing the bone to enlarge evenly as the brain grows and the skull expands, resulting in a symmetrically shaped head.

Closure of the sutures is due to genes. If there is a mutation, you may have a problem with the closure and the shape fo the head. This is an aesthetic problem and a clinical problem as the brain will have pressure on it in a particular place.

Everyone has individual pattern of sutures.

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13
Q

What type of joints are sutures?

What suture divides the parietal bone with the temporal?

A

Fibrous joints

Sagittal suture

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14
Q

What are fontanelles?

A

Plates are not ossified completely, shows the skull is still flexible

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15
Q

What do the names fo the regions of the base of the cranium relate to?

A

Relates to the bones

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16
Q

What goes through the foramen magnum?

A

Medulla and spinal cord goes into the cranium

17
Q

How many cervical vertebrae do we have and what is their main job?

Which is the biggest?

A

7

To support the neck structures.

The 7th one called the vertebral prominence. The thoracic vertebra start below this.

18
Q

What does the cervical spine allow for?

A

Allows us to move our head forward (flexion), backward (extension), bend from side to side (lateral flexion) and turn our head from side to side (rotation).

19
Q

What are two names found at the cervical vertebrae C1 and C2 which are important for vascularisation of the spine?

A

Atlas (C1)

Acid (C2)

20
Q

What are the cribiform plates?

A

Factory nerves coming through the nasal cavity

21
Q

What do we find in the anterior, middle and posterior fossa?

A

Anterior:
Frontal bone
Ethmoid bone
Lesser wing of sphenoid

Middle:
Sphenoid (greater wings, body and sinus)

Posterior:
Temporal bone
Occipital bone

22
Q

Why do we have such a tough bone in the middle of the skull?

A

To protect the inner ear

23
Q

What is the sella turcica?

A

A saddle like prominence crossing the midline on the superior surface of the body of the sphenoid which contain the pituitary gland.

24
Q

What is the paternum?

A

where all the neves come together and the meningeal artery sits

25
Q

What are the 3 meninges found in the brain?

A 
Dura mater (tough, outmost layer made of collagen fibres)
Arachnoid mater (delicate)
Pia mater (continuous with brain and cord)
26
Q

WHAT TWO MENINGES CAN BE SEEN WITH NAKED EYE?

A

Dura and arachnoid mater

27
Q

What is found in the superior sagittal sinus?

A

Venous blood.
(they take away the venous blood from the brain through the jugular foramen to the heart,
glandular structures to absorb cf)

28
Q

What are the two layers of the dura mater?

A

Periosteal layer

Meningeal laer

29
Q

What is the middle meningeal artery?

A

The largest of the three paired arteries supplying the meninges.

It is a branch of the maxillary artery, a terminal branch of the external carotid artery, running through the foramen spinosum to supply the dura and the calvaria.
It runs beneath the pterion where the skull is very thin.

30
Q

What are the main brain regions?

A 
Cerebral hemisphere 
Diencephalon 
Cerebellum
Brain stem:
- Midbrain
- Pons 
- Medulla oblongata

(Cerebral hemispheres = 2 of them. They have the cortex on outside, they provide more surface to the brain.

Have the spinal cord that comes up to for the medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain.

Brain stem is the older part of the brain. The cranial nerves come from the brain stem.
Diencephalon (lower and higher) = same as the thalamus and hypothalamus )

31
Q

What are the lobes of the brain called?

A

Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Temporal lobe
Occipital lobe

32
Q

What are the lateral and central sulcus?

A

Lateral sulcus = cuts through the brain

Central sulcus = defines the difference between motor and sensory

33
Q

What are the 3 meningeal partitions?

A
  • Falx cerebri: fold of the dura mater in the longitudinal fissure that separates the cerebral hemisphere
  • Falx cerebelli: a fold of the dura mater which separates the cerebellar hemispheres
  • Tentorium cerebelli: an extension of the dura matar separating the cerebellum from the inferior portion of the occipital lobes
34
Q

Give some detail on dural venous sinuses

A

Dural venous sinuses are spaces between periosteal and meningeal layers of dura containing venous blood.
There are no valves in the venous sinuses. (important when infection occurs as it can spread)
Blood in the venous sinuses originates mostly from the brain and cranial cavity and drains via the internal jugular vein.

35
Q

What is the circle of willis?

A

The Circle of Willis is the joining area of several arteries at the bottom (inferior) side of the brain. At the Circle of Willis, the internal carotid arteries branch into smaller arteries that supply oxygenated blood to over 80% of the cerebrum.

The blood splits bi literally to the hemispheres.

This circle is made from blood coming from internal carotid artery.
Need continuous supply to the brain.

36
Q

Give the basic structure fo the cerebral ventricles

A

Have two lateral ones for each hemisphere. They are connected by the inter venticurlar foramen.

Then goes into the third and into fourth venticle.

Openings of fourth ventricle through which CSF goes under the arachnoid and bases the whole brain.

37
Q

Where is CSF made?

A

Made in the ventricles form the choroid plexus.

(CSF exits ventricular system via openings in the roof of the 4th ventricles into the sub-arachnoid space)

(Reabsorbed via arachnoid granulations into systemic veins e.g. superior sagittal sinus)

38
Q

What connects the brain with the spinal cord?

A

The brain stem

39
Q

What meningeal layers does the spinal cord have?

A

Same as brain

Dentistry Year 2 OCB (30 decks)

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