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OCB > Skull and Intracranial Region > Flashcards

Skull and Intracranial Region Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 parts of the cranium?

A
  • Neurocranium

- Viscerocranium

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2
Q

What does the neurocranium consist of?

A 
Skull cap (calcaria).
Cranial base (basicranium)
Intracranial region (inner surface skull base).
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3
Q

What does the viscerocranium consist of?

A

Facial bones in anterior cranium.

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4
Q

How many bones form the neurocranium?

A

8

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5
Q

Which bones form the neurocranium?

A

Singular bones: - frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal, occipital.

Paired bones: - temporal, parietal.

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6
Q

Which bones form the viscerocranium?

A

Singular bones: - mandible, vomer.

Paired bones: - maxillae, inferior nasal conchae, zygomatic, palatine, nasal, lacrimal.

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7
Q

List the cranial bones.

A 
Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal
Sphenoid
Ethmoid
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8
Q

List the facial bones.

A 
Maxilla
Palatine
Zygomatic
Lacrimal
Nasal
Vomer
Inferior nasal conchae
Mandible
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9
Q

What forms the nasal septum?

A

Ethmoid + Vomer

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10
Q

What shape is the sphenoid bone?

A

Butterfly

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11
Q

What suture fuses the frontal bone and parietal bones?

A

Coronal suture

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12
Q

What suture fuses the 2 parietal bones?

A

Sagittal suture

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13
Q

What suture fuses the parietal bones and the occipital bone?

A

Lambdoidal suture

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14
Q

What suture fuses the parietal bone and the temporal bone?

A

Squamous suture

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15
Q

Why is the inner surface of parietal bones concave and grooved?

A

To accommodate the brain and blood vessels

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16
Q

What does the sphenoid bone articulate with?

A

Unpaired bones – Occipital, vomer, ethmoid and frontal bones.

Paired bones – Temporal, parietal, zygomatic and palatine bones.

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17
Q

Where is the cribiform plate found?

A

On the ethmoid bone.

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18
Q

What is the purpose of the inferior nasal conchae?

A

Create turbulence of inhaled air

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19
Q

What are the 4 processes of the maxilla?

A
  • Zygomatic process
  • Frontal process
  • Horizontal palatine process
  • Curved alveolar process
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20
Q

What bones form the bridge of the nose?

A

Nasal bones

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21
Q

Which bones are more commonly fractured?

A

Nasal bones

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22
Q

What is the lambda?

A

Where the lambdoidal and sagittal suture meet

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23
Q

What is the bregma?

A

Where the coronal and sagittal suture meet

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24
Q

What structures pass through the foramen magnum?

A
  • Medulla oblongata
  • Meninges
  • Vertebral arteries
  • Anterior and posterior spinal arteries
  • Dural veins
  • Spinal division of accessory nerve (ascends through foramen magnum to join cranial division which then exits through jugular foramen)
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25
Q

What are the 4 skull air sinuses?

A
  • Frontal
  • Sphenoid
  • Maxillary
  • Ethmoid
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26
Q

What are sutures?

A 
Fibrous joints (synarthroses) between bones of skull. 
They ossify with age and become less mobile.
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27
Q

What are the purpose of sutures?

A

Allow bones to move during birth.

Allows bone to enlarge evenly as brain grows and skull expansionists to result in symmetrically-shaped head.

28
Q

What are Wormian bones?

A

New bones created by sutures.

29
Q

Where does the cranial base articulate with the cervical spine?

A

Occipital condyle

30
Q

Which head movements does the cervical spine allow?

A
  • Flexion: - forwards.
  • Extension: - backwards.
  • Lateral flexion: - bend side-to-side.
  • Rotation: - turn side-to-side
31
Q

In the cervical spine, which foramen does the vertebral artery run through?

A

Transverse foramen

32
Q

What are the 3 cranial fossa?

A

Anterior, Middle and Posterior

33
Q

What makes up the Anterior Cranial Fossa?

A
  • Frontal bone
  • Ethmoid bone
  • Lesser wing of sphenoid bone
34
Q

What makes up the Middle Cranial Fossa?

A
  • Rest of sphenoid bone (greater wings, body and sinus)

- Petrous part of temporal bone

35
Q

What makes up the Posterior Cranial Fossa?

A
  • Temporal bone (rest of it)

- Occipital bone

36
Q

What is the sella turcica?

A

Saddle-like prominence that crosses the midline on the superior surface of the body of the sphenoid.

37
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located?

A

In the hypophyseal fossa of the sella turcica.

38
Q

What passes through the foramen lacerum?

A

Internal carotid artery crosses it

39
Q

What passes through the foramen spinosum?

A

Middle meningeal artery

40
Q

What passes through the internal acoustic meatus?

A 
Facial nerve (CN VII)
Vestibule-Cochlear (CN VIII)
Labyrinthine artery
41
Q

What passes through the carotid canal?

A

Internal carotid artery

42
Q

What sinuses pass through the jugular foramen?

A

Inferior petrosal and sigmoid sinuses

43
Q

What could be the reason of facial asymmetry?

A

Craniosynostosis - sutures fusing prematurely.

44
Q

What other structures may be damaged by a skull fracture?

A

Membranes, blood vessels, brain.

45
Q

What does the middle meningeal artery supply?

A

Meninges and Calvaria.

46
Q

What is the middle meningeal artery a branch of?

A

Branches off the maxillary artery which is a terminal branch of the external carotid artery.

47
Q

What are the 3 meningeal partitions?

A

Falx cerebri
Falx cerebelli
Tentorium cerebelli

48
Q

What is the Falx cerebri?

A

Fold of dura mater within the longitudinal fissure that separates the 2 brain hemispheres.

49
Q

What is the Falx cerebelli?

A

Fold of dura mater separating the cerebellar hemisphere.

50
Q

What is the Tentorium cerebelli?

A

Extension of dura mater, separating the cerebellum from the inferior region of occipital lobes.

51
Q

Where are the dural venous sinuses located?

A

Between periosteal and meningeal layers of dura mater.

52
Q

What do the dural venous sinuses contain?

A

Venous blood

53
Q

Dural venous sinuses do not contain valves. What can be the impact of this?

A

Infection can easily spread from the face to areas of the intracranial cavity.

54
Q

How does blood leave the cranial cavity?

A

Blood from dural venous sinuses drain via internal jugular vein.

Flows through brachiocephalic vein and superior vena cava to reach right atrium of heart.

55
Q

What are the names of the 8 dural venous sinuses?

A
  • Superior sagittal sinus
  • Inferior sagittal sinus
  • Straight sinus
  • Cavernous
  • Superior petrosal
  • Inferior petrosal
  • Transverse sinus
  • Sigmoid sinus
56
Q

Where is the cavernous sinus located?

A

Posterior to maxillary sinuses and lateral to the pituitary (above sphenoid bone).

It is bordered by the temporal and sphenoid bone.

57
Q

What is the circle of Willis?

A

Circle of arteries that supply blood to the brain and surrounding structures.

If one becomes blocked/narrows, blood can still be supplied via collaterals.

58
Q

What is the circle of Willis composed of?

A
  • Anterior and posterior communicating artery.
  • Internal carotid artery - gives off anterior and middle cerebral arteries.
  • Posterior cerebral artery.
  • Vertebral artery (from spine) - forms basilar artery at level of pons.
59
Q

What structures pass through the cavernous sinus?

A
  • CN III (oculomotor)
  • CN IV (trochlear)
  • CN V1 (ophthalmic of trigeminal)
  • CN V2 (maxillary of trigeminal)
  • CN VI (abducens)
  • Internal carotid artery (and sympathetic nerve fibres on the carotid)
60
Q

What is the cisterns magna?

A

Subarachnoid space

61
Q

What does the falx cerebri contain along the line of the sagittal suture?

A
  • Superior sagittal sinus (contained in upper margin of falx cerebri and overlies the longitudinal fissure of the brain)
  • Inferior sagittal sinus (contained in inferior margin of falx cerebri and arches of the corpus callosum).
62
Q

What is the function of the crista galli?

A

Place of attachment for falx cerebri.

63
Q

What lies on the cribriform plate?

A

Olfactory bulb

64
Q

Which bone does the trigeminal ganglion sit on?

A

Near apex of petrous part of temporal bone.

65
Q

Why does the trigeminal ganglion not contain synapses?

A

Nerves just travel through it.

66
Q

In which fossa does the cerebellum lie?

A

Posterior cranial fossa.

67
Q

Through which foramen do the major blood vessels supplying the brain enter the cranium?

A

Foramen magnum - vertebral arteries.

Carotid canal - Internal carotid artery.

OCB (8 decks)

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