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BMS Level 2 > Skull and CN > Flashcards

Skull and CN Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the suture between frontal and Parietal bone?

A

Coronal

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2
Q

Differences between male and female skulls? (8)

A
  1. Males more prominant superciliary arch and ridge
  2. Females rounder orbits vs square and Females Sharper orbit ridge
  3. Females more pointed chin vs squarer
  4. Males less round forehead
  5. Males more vertical (right angle) gonial angle of mandible ramus, whereas females is slightly more gradually sloped.
  6. Males the glabella (between frontal and nasal bones) is more pronouned and angular
  7. Males have larger mastoid processes (temporal bone behind ear)
  8. Males have larger external occipital protuberance and nuchal line.
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3
Q

What is the most delicate part of the skull? Why?

A

Pterion
Where frontal bone, sphenoid greater wings, temporal and parietal articulate.
Can damage the middle meningeal artery causing an epidural haematoma

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4
Q

What is the smallest bone in the skull and where is it?

A

Lacriminal, medial of eye socket between ethmoid and maxilla (and nasal)

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5
Q

Where can the wings of the sphenoid bone be seen?

A

Lesser wings, in posterior of eye socket

Greater wings, lateral wall of skull, floor of middle cranial fossa.

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6
Q

What are the 3 foramen and one canal in the sphenoid bone? What do they transmit?

A

Foramen Ovale- Mandibular nerve of Trigeminal
Foramen Rotundam- Maxillary Nerve of trigemina;
Foramen Spinosum- Middle meningeal artery, vein and branch of Trigeminal
Optic Canal- optic nerve and Opthalamic artery

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7
Q

Difference between a foramen and canal?

A

Canal is a channel through whereas a foramen is just a hole.

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8
Q

Suture between the parietal and occipital bone?

A

Lambdoid

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9
Q

What are the bones that make up the septum of the nose?

A

Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone and Vomer

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10
Q

Where can the ethmoid bone be seen?

A

Nasal septum- perpendicular plate, Inferior and middle concha in nose
Medial of orbit

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11
Q

Ethmoid bone structures in the Anterior cranial fossa?

A

Cribiform plate, with holes in for the olfactory nerve fibres to pass through
Crista galli- the line running between the cribiform plate.

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12
Q

What is the frontal crest?

A

Runs from the Crista galli to the frontal bone.

Attatchment point for the falx cerebri

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13
Q

What does the anterior cranial fossa hold?

A

Anterior inferior frontal lobes

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14
Q

What are the three ‘saddle’ structures of the body of sphenoid?

A

Anterior to posterior:
Tuberculum sallae
Hypophysial fossa (with sella turcica- depression holding the pituitary)
Dorsal Sellae

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15
Q

What is the large hole in the posterior cranial fossa called? What does it transmit through?

A

Foramen Magnum

Brainstem through

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16
Q

What foramen forms between the occipital bone and the petrous part of the temporal?

A

Jugular foramen, transmits the jugular vein, and cranial nerves glossopharyngeal IX, vagus X and accessory XI

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17
Q

How is the cerebellum separated from the occipital lobe of the brain?

A

Cerebelli tentorium is an extension of the dura mater that overs the superior of the cerebellum, splitting the cranial cavity into supratentorial and infratentorial

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18
Q

What are the three meninges?

A

Superficial to deep:
Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater

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19
Q

Function of the meninges?

A

Support and protect (with CSF) from mechanical damage

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20
Q

Two layers of the dura mater?

A

Endosteal and meningeal , with dural venous sinuses between.

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21
Q

Function of the dural venous sinuses?

A

Drain blood into the internal jugular veins

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22
Q

Dura mater supplied by? Different to arachnoid?

A

MIddle meningeal artery and vein
Trigeminal nerve
Arachnoid recieves none

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23
Q

How is the CSF recycled?

A

Through arachnoid granules (projections of arachnoid into the dura) to superior sagittal sinus to venous circulation

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24
Q

What is meningitis?

A

Inflammation of the meninges

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25
Q

Foramen in the frontal bone? Transmit?

A

Supraorbital foramen (or notch if opens into orbit)- supraorbital vessels and nerve through

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26
Q

Foramen in the zygomatic bone? Transmit?

A

Zygomaticofacial foramen- Zygomaticofacial branch of maxillary Trigeminal nerve and zygomaticofacial vessels

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27
Q

Foramen in the Maxilla? Transmit?

A

Infraorbital foramen- infraorbital vessels, and infraorbital branch of maxillary trigeminal nerve

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28
Q

Foramen in the mandible? Transmits?

A

Mental foramen- mental artery, inferior alveolar nerve

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29
Q

Suture between temporal and parietal bones?

A

Squamous

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30
Q

Suture between occipital and parietal bones?

A

lambdoid

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31
Q

Suture between sphenoid and temporal bones?

A

Sphenoidal

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32
Q

Anatomical name for the chin?

A

Mental protuberance

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33
Q

Suture between the two parietal bones?

A

Sagittal

34
Q

The notches that the teeth sit in are called what?

A

alveolar processes

35
Q

Articulations of the temporal bone?

A

zygomatic process of to the temporal process of the zygomatic bone making the zygomatic arch (cheek bone).
mandibular process to the mandible in the Temporomandibular joint
Also to parietal, sphenoid, occipital

36
Q

How many cranial nerves are there? Originating?

A

12.

2 from cerebrum, 10 from brainstem

37
Q

Which nerve has the longest intercranial length?

A

Trochlear IV

38
Q

Which cranial nerve originates in the midbrain?

A

Trochlear IV

39
Q

Which two cranial nerves originate in the cerebrum?

A

Olfactory CN I, and Optic CN II

40
Q

Which cranial nerve originates between the midbrain-pontine junction?

A

Oculomotor III

41
Q

Which cranial nerve originates from the Pons?

A

Trigeminal V

42
Q

Which cranial nerves originate from the medulla oblongata?

A

Posterior to Olive: Glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory (IX-XI)
Anterior to Olive: Hypoglossal (XII)

43
Q

How are the cranial nerves numbered?

A

Superior to inferior, and if at same level medial to lateral.

44
Q

CN I- Name? Exit? Modality?

A

Olfactory, Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone, Sensory- smell

45
Q

CN II - Name? Exit? Modality?

A

Optic, optic canal of sphenoid, Sensory- vision

46
Q

CN III- Name? Exit? Modality?

A

Oculomotor, superior orbital fissure, Motor
GVM: 4 extrinsic eye muscles
GVM: Pupillary sphincter

47
Q

GVM?

A

General Visceral motor (motor to skeletal muscle)

48
Q

GSM?

A

General Somatic motor (motor to viscera, smooth muscles of the gut and autonomic)

49
Q

CN IV- Name? Exit? Modality?

A

Trochlear, Superior Orbital fissure, GSM from superior oblique

50
Q

CN V- Name? Exit? Modality?

A

Trigeminal:
Ophthalamic, superior orbital fissure, GSS, scalp forhead, nose

Maxillary, F.Rotundum, GSS, cheeks, lower eyelid, upper lip, upper maxillary teeth, palate, nasal mucosa (think where maxillary bone is)

Mandibular, F. Ovale (completes the face oval) GSS from anterior 2/3 tongue, skin over mandible, and lower mandibular teeth. SVM from muscles of mastication.

51
Q

GSS?

A

General Somatic sensory- from skin

52
Q

SVM?

A

Specialised Visceral motor- muscles derived from pharyngeal branches (?)

53
Q

CN VI- Name? Exit? Modality?

A

Abducens, through the superior orbital fissure, GSM- lateral rectus abdominus

54
Q

Which cranial nerves go through the superior orbital fissure?

A

III- VI,

Occulomotor, Trochlea, Trigeminal (Only ophthalamic), abducens

55
Q

CN VII- Name? Exit? Modality?

A

Facial, internal acoustic meatus of temporal to the stylomastoid foramen of temporal.
GSS: Sensation to external ear
SVS: Taste from Anterior 2/3 tongue
GSM: muscle of facial expression
GVM: lacrimal, submandibular, sublingual glands and mucous glands of mouth and nose.

56
Q

CN VIII- Name? Exit? Modality?

A

Vestibulocochlea, internal acoustic meatus, SSS hearing and balance

57
Q

SSS?

A

Specialised somatic sensory, derived from ectoderm e.g. skin, balance, sound

58
Q

CN IX- Name? Exit? Modality?

A

Glossopharyngeal- Jugular foramen, GSS: post. 1/3 tongue, ext. ear, and middle ear cavity.

GVS: carotid body and sinus.
SVS: taste from post. 1/3 tongue.
GVM: parotic gland. SVM: stylopharyngeus

59
Q

CN X- Name? Exit? Modality?

A

Vagus, jugular foramen, GSS: ext. ear, larynx and pharynx.

GVS: larynx, pharynx and, thoracic & abdominal viscera.
SVS: taste from epiglottis region of tongue
GVM: smooth muscles of pharynx, larynx and most of the GIT.
SVM: most muscles of pharynx and larynx.

60
Q

CN XI- Name? Exit? Modality?

A

Spinal accessory, jugular foramen, GSM: trapezius and sternocleidomastoid.

SVM: a few fibres run with CNX to viscera.

61
Q

CN XII- Name? Exit? Modality?

A

Hypoglossal, hypoglossal canal, Intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles (except the palatoglossus).

62
Q

Before fuses what is the name of the suture in the frontal bone?

A

Metopic

63
Q

What does the middle cranial fossa hold?

A

temporal lobes, pituitary (sphenoid body)

64
Q

What does the posterior cranial fossa hold?

A

cerebellum(occipital) and brainstem (through foramen magnum)

65
Q

Difference between infant and adult skull?

A

A) Have fontanelle- weak points in the skull where the bones are yet to fuse. This enables the bones to move so can fit through the cervix.

  1. Frontal bone with metopic suture between. (fuses around 6months)
  2. Sagittal fuses around 18months
  3. Last suture to fuse is lambdoid around 18 in women, and 21 years in males.

B) Also the madible ramus is very short in infants.
C) The alveolar that the teeth sit in haven’t formed in infants.

66
Q

What is Craniosynosystosis?

A 
Premature fusing (ossification) of Fontanelles, changing the skull development.
Danger as can raise intercranial pressure.
Treatment: can excise the fused sutures.
67
Q

What is hydrocephaly?

A

Build up of CSF in the skull due to blockage, causing an increase in inter-cranial pressure. If caught early can normally drain without damage, but if not if young the skull will keep expanding to accomodate so as to not put pressure on the brain- death eventually.

68
Q

What are the three openings in the orbit? Contain?

A

Optic canal: Optic nerve, and ophthalmic artery

Superior Orbital fissure: Lacriminal, frontal nasociliary, and trochlea CN, Occulomotor CN, abducens CN. Superior Ophthalmic vein also.

Inferior Obital fissure: Maxillary nerve, inferior ophthalmic vein, and sympathetic nerves.

69
Q

WHat is the relation of the ear to the skull?

A

External auditory meatus extends from the deep concha to tympanic membrane made of cartilage supported by the temporal bone.

70
Q

Function of air sinuses in the skull?

A

Make the skull lighter, and may humidify inspired air.

71
Q

What are the four pairs of air sinuses in skull?

A

Maxillary, ethmoid, frontal( under forehead) and sphenoid (pituitary can be accessed through)

  • all drain into the nasal sinus hence paranasal sinuses name
72
Q

Cause of Craniosynosystis?

A

nonsyndromic (80-95~%)– there are no other birth defects and the cause is unknown

syndromic (5-20~%) – craniosynostosis is the result of one of several rare syndromes e.g. Apert, Crouzon, Pfeiffer.

73
Q

What dura is between the two cerebellum lobes?

A

Falx cerebelli

74
Q

What dura is between the two cerebrums?

A

Falx cerebri

75
Q

How common is craniosynosystis?

A

1 in 2000 births around.

76
Q

The dura mater can be split into two layers?

A

Endosteal: Lines the cranium
Meningeal: Between endosteal and arachnoid. Only present in the spinal cord
Dural venous sinus between.

77
Q

What is the cistern magna?

A

One of three openings in the subarchnoid space between the arachnoid and the pia. This one is located below the cerebellum.
Allows circulation of CSF around the CNS

78
Q

How is the pia bound to the brain?

A

By astrocytes

79
Q

Which meningeal layer invaginates to form the choroid plexus?

A

Pia mater

80
Q

Which meningeal layer does the CSF flow between?

A

Subarachnoid space so between arachnoid and pia.

81
Q

Which three cranial nerves control eye movement? Where do these exit the skull?

A

Occulomotor (III0, Trochlea (IV) and Abducens (IV)

Superior orbital fissure

BMS Level 2 (7 decks)

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