Skull Flashcards by Hannah Hood

Which bones form the pterion?

Frontal
parietal
Temporal
Sphenoid

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What is the clinical significance of the pterion?

The middle meningeal artery runs behind it, injury at this location can lead to extradural haematoma

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What are the layers of the scalp?

Skin
Connective tissue
Aponeurosis of occipitofrontalis muscle
Loose areolar tissue
Periosteum

Temporalis muscle will also be encountered during pterional burr holes

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At what age do the cranial sutures ossify?

18-24 months

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What is the condition called if cranial sutures are fused at birth?

craniosynostosis

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At which age does the mastoid bone develop?

2 years

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What are the diplopic veins?

Veins found in the skull which drain the diplopic space to the dural venous sinus

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Tears to which vessel may cause subdural haematoma

Cerebral vein and bridging veins

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What type of joint is the Temporomandibular joint?

Bi-arthrodial hinge (synovial) joint

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What are the articulating surfaces of the TMJ?

Head of the mandible
Mandibular fossa of the temporal bone
Articular tubercle (from the squamous part of the temporal bone)

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What movements can be made by the TMJ?

Protrusion
Elevation
Depression
Retraction
Side to side

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What are the muscle of mastication?

Masseter
Temporalis
Medial and Lateral pterygoid

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Which muscles are responsible for opening of the mouth

DLGM

Digastric
Lateral pterygoid
Geniohyoid
Mylohyoid

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Where is the foramen ovale and what are its contents?

Sphenoid bone

Otic ganglion - runs under the ovale
Mandibular nerve V3
Accessory meningeal artery
Lesser petrosal nerve
Emissary veins

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Where is the foramen spinosum and what are its contents?

Sphenoid bone

Middle meningeal artery
Meningeal branch of the mandibular nerve

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Where is the foramen rotundum and what is its contents?

Sphenoid bone

Maxillary nerve (V2)

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Where is the foramen lacerum located and what are its contents?

Sphenoid bone

ICA - passes along its superior surface but does not traverse it
Nerve of the pterygoid canal - deep petrosal nerve and superficial greater petrosal nerve
artery of pterygoid canal

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Where is the optic canal and what is its contents?

Sphenoid bone

Optic nerve and 3 layers of dura
Ophthalmic artery
Sympathetic nerves

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Where is the superior orbital fissure and what are its contents?

Sphenoid bone

Oculomotor nerve
- superior and inferior divisions
Trochlear nerve
Abducens nerve
Superior and inferior ophthalmic veins
Ophthalmic branch of CN V
- lacrimal, frontal and nasociliary branches

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Where is the carotid canal and what are its contents

Temporal bone

Sympathetic plexus around arteries
Internal carotid artery
Deep petrosal nerve
Emissary veins

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Where is the jugular foramen and what are its contents?

Temporal bone

Inferior petrosal sinus
Glossopharyngeal, vagus and accessory nerves
Sigmoid sinus (becoming IJV) and some meningeal branches from the occipital and ascending pharyngeal arteries

Where is the stylomastoid foramen and what are its contents?

Temporal bone

Stylomastoid artery
Facial nerve

Where is the foramen magnum and what are its contents?

Occipital bone

Vertebral arteries
anterior spinal artery
posterior spinal artery
Spinal root of XI
lower end of the medulla
Tectorial membranes
Apical ligaments of the dens

Which cranial nerve track can be found on the clivus?

Abducens

What is the juvenille structure which forms the clivus

Spheno-occipital synchondrosis

Name some benign tumours of the posterior cranial fossa

Haemangioblastoma Ependymoma Acoustic neuroma Ependymoblastoma

Which muscles attach to the styloid process?

Styloglossus Stylohyoid Stylopharyngeus

Name some causes for lytic skull lesions

Lytic skeletal metastasis Sarcoidosis Paget's disease Multiple myeloma Osteomyelitis Haemangioma

What are the boundaries and contents of the middle cranial fossa?

Anterior - lesser wing of sphenoid and anterior clinoid process Posterior - petrous part of temporal bone and dorsum sellae Laterally - Squamous part of the temporal bone Temporal lobe

What are the boundaries of the posterior cranial fossa and which bones form it?

Anterior - apex of the petrous part of the temporal bone Posterior - occipital bone Lateral - squamous and mastoid parts of the temporal bone occipital and temporal bones

Where do the cavernous sinuses drain blood from?

superior ophthalmic veins facial vein emissary vein from pterygoid plexus sphenoparietal sinuses

Where do the cavernous sinuses drain blood to?

Superior and inferior petrosal sinuses IJV Intercavernous sinus

What are the contents of the cavernous sinus?

Lateral wall components - Oculomotor nerve - Trochlear nerve - ophthalmic nerve - Maxillary nerve Contents of the sinus - Internal carotid artery (and sympathetic plexus) - abducens nerve

What is the clinical significance of the cavernous sinus?

Ophthalmic and facial veins drain the dangerous area of the face. They are also valveless vessels therefore any infection drained from this area can spread to the cavernous sinus leading to cavernous sinus thrombosis

What are the signs of a cavernous sinus thrombosis?

Painful swelling of the eye 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th nerve palsies Gradual loss of vision

What is the most common cause of cavernous sinus syndrome?

Cavernous sinus tumours

What are the signs of cavernous sinus tumours?

Pain, ophthalmoplegia, proptosis, trigeminal nerve lesions and Horner's syndrome

Name the paired dural sinuses

Middle meningeal Sphenoparietal Superior petrosal Sigmoid Cavernous Transverse Inferior Petrosquamous

Name the unpaired dural sinuses

Superior sagittal Inferior sagittal Straight Occipital Anterior intercavernous Posterior intercavernous Basilar venous plexus

What are the tributaries of the superior sagittal sinus?

Parietal emissary veins Superior cerebral veins scalps veins cavernous sinus through superior anastomotic veins meningeal veins veins of the frontal sinus diplopic veins

Name the tributaries of the straight sinus

Superior cerebellar veins Few tributaries from flax cerebri

Name the tributaries of the Inferior sagittal sinus

Veins draining the limbic lobe medial frontotemporal lobe genu of the corpus callosum deep cerebral veins

What are the tributaries of the transverse sinus?

Inferior cerebellar veins, superior petronsal sinus inferior cerebral veins anastomotic veins diplopic veins

Name the tributaries of superior petrosal sinus

Cerebellar inferior cerebral tympanic veins

Name the tributaries of the sigmoid sinus

Mastoid and condylar emissary vein cerebellar veins internal auditory vein

What is the major vein draining the brain parenchyma?

Great cerebral vein

Describe the blood flow from the superior sagittal sinus to the IJV

Superior sagittal sinus > confluence of sinuses > transverse sinus >sigmoid sinus > IJV

Describe the location of the straight sinus

Tentorium cerebelli and flax junction

What is the blood supply of temporalis muscle

Deep temporal artery - (anterior and posterior) branches from the maxillary artery

What artery supplies the scalp over the temporalis muscle?

Superficial temporal artery from ECA