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Head and Neck Anatomy > Skull > Flashcards

Skull Flashcards

1
Q

Which bones form the pterion?

A

Frontal
parietal
Temporal
Sphenoid

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2
Q

What is the clinical significance of the pterion?

A

The middle meningeal artery runs behind it, injury at this location can lead to extradural haematoma

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3
Q

What are the layers of the scalp?

A

Skin
Connective tissue
Aponeurosis of occipitofrontalis muscle
Loose areolar tissue
Periosteum

Temporalis muscle will also be encountered during pterional burr holes

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4
Q

At what age do the cranial sutures ossify?

A

18-24 months

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5
Q

What is the condition called if cranial sutures are fused at birth?

A

craniosynostosis

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6
Q

At which age does the mastoid bone develop?

A

2 years

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7
Q

What are the diplopic veins?

A

Veins found in the skull which drain the diplopic space to the dural venous sinus

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8
Q

Tears to which vessel may cause subdural haematoma

A

Cerebral vein and bridging veins

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9
Q

What type of joint is the Temporomandibular joint?

A

Bi-arthrodial hinge (synovial) joint

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10
Q

What are the articulating surfaces of the TMJ?

A

Head of the mandible
Mandibular fossa of the temporal bone
Articular tubercle (from the squamous part of the temporal bone)

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11
Q

What movements can be made by the TMJ?

A

Protrusion
Elevation
Depression
Retraction
Side to side

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12
Q

What are the muscle of mastication?

A

Masseter
Temporalis
Medial and Lateral pterygoid

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13
Q

Which muscles are responsible for opening of the mouth

A

DLGM

  • Digastric
  • Lateral pterygoid
  • Geniohyoid
  • Mylohyoid
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14
Q

Where is the foramen ovale and what are its contents?

A

Sphenoid bone

Otic ganglion - runs under the ovale
Mandibular nerve V3
Accessory meningeal artery
Lesser petrosal nerve
Emissary veins

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15
Q

Where is the foramen spinosum and what are its contents?

A

Sphenoid bone

Middle meningeal artery
Meningeal branch of the mandibular nerve

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16
Q

Where is the foramen rotundum and what is its contents?

A

Sphenoid bone

Maxillary nerve (V2)

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17
Q

Where is the foramen lacerum located and what are its contents?

A

Sphenoid bone

ICA - passes along its superior surface but does not traverse it
Nerve of the pterygoid canal - deep petrosal nerve and superficial greater petrosal nerve
artery of pterygoid canal

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18
Q

Where is the optic canal and what is its contents?

A

Sphenoid bone

Optic nerve and 3 layers of dura
Ophthalmic artery
Sympathetic nerves

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19
Q

Where is the superior orbital fissure and what are its contents?

A

Sphenoid bone

Oculomotor nerve
- superior and inferior divisions
Trochlear nerve
Abducens nerve
Superior and inferior ophthalmic veins
Ophthalmic branch of CN V
- lacrimal, frontal and nasociliary branches

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20
Q

Where is the carotid canal and what are its contents

A

Temporal bone

Sympathetic plexus around arteries
Internal carotid artery
Deep petrosal nerve
Emissary veins

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21
Q

Where is the jugular foramen and what are its contents?

A

Temporal bone

Inferior petrosal sinus
Glossopharyngeal, vagus and accessory nerves
Sigmoid sinus (becoming IJV) and some meningeal branches from the occipital and ascending pharyngeal arteries

22
Q

Where is the stylomastoid foramen and what are its contents?

A

Temporal bone

Stylomastoid artery
Facial nerve

23
Q

Where is the foramen magnum and what are its contents?

A

Occipital bone

Vertebral arteries
anterior spinal artery
posterior spinal artery
Spinal root of XI
lower end of the medulla
Tectorial membranes
Apical ligaments of the dens

24
Q

Which cranial nerve track can be found on the clivus?

A

Abducens

25
Q

What is the juvenille structure which forms the clivus

A

Spheno-occipital synchondrosis

26
Q

Name some benign tumours of the posterior cranial fossa

A

Haemangioblastoma
Ependymoma
Acoustic neuroma
Ependymoblastoma

27
Q

Which muscles attach to the styloid process?

A

Styloglossus
Stylohyoid
Stylopharyngeus

28
Q

Name some causes for lytic skull lesions

A

Lytic skeletal metastasis
Sarcoidosis
Paget’s disease
Multiple myeloma
Osteomyelitis
Haemangioma

29
Q

What are the boundaries and contents of the middle cranial fossa?

A

Anterior - lesser wing of sphenoid and anterior clinoid process
Posterior - petrous part of temporal bone and dorsum sellae
Laterally - Squamous part of the temporal bone

Temporal lobe

30
Q

What are the boundaries of the posterior cranial fossa and which bones form it?

A

Anterior - apex of the petrous part of the temporal bone
Posterior - occipital bone
Lateral - squamous and mastoid parts of the temporal bone

occipital and temporal bones

31
Q

Where do the cavernous sinuses drain blood from?

A

superior ophthalmic veins
facial vein
emissary vein from pterygoid plexus
sphenoparietal sinuses

32
Q

Where do the cavernous sinuses drain blood to?

A

Superior and inferior petrosal sinuses
IJV
Intercavernous sinus

33
Q

What are the contents of the cavernous sinus?

A

Lateral wall components
- Oculomotor nerve
- Trochlear nerve
- ophthalmic nerve
- Maxillary nerve

Contents of the sinus
- Internal carotid artery (and sympathetic plexus)
- abducens nerve

34
Q

What is the clinical significance of the cavernous sinus?

A

Ophthalmic and facial veins drain the dangerous area of the face. They are also valveless vessels therefore any infection drained from this area can spread to the cavernous sinus leading to cavernous sinus thrombosis

35
Q

What are the signs of a cavernous sinus thrombosis?

A

Painful swelling of the eye
3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th nerve palsies
Gradual loss of vision

36
Q

What is the most common cause of cavernous sinus syndrome?

A

Cavernous sinus tumours

37
Q

What are the signs of cavernous sinus tumours?

A

Pain, ophthalmoplegia, proptosis, trigeminal nerve lesions and Horner’s syndrome

38
Q

Name the paired dural sinuses

A

Middle meningeal
Sphenoparietal
Superior petrosal
Sigmoid
Cavernous
Transverse
Inferior
Petrosquamous

39
Q

Name the unpaired dural sinuses

A

Superior sagittal
Inferior sagittal
Straight
Occipital
Anterior intercavernous
Posterior intercavernous
Basilar venous plexus

40
Q

What are the tributaries of the superior sagittal sinus?

A

Parietal emissary veins
Superior cerebral veins
scalps veins
cavernous sinus through superior anastomotic veins
meningeal veins
veins of the frontal sinus
diplopic veins

41
Q

Name the tributaries of the straight sinus

A

Superior cerebellar veins
Few tributaries from flax cerebri

42
Q

Name the tributaries of the Inferior sagittal sinus

A

Veins draining the limbic lobe
medial frontotemporal lobe
genu of the corpus callosum
deep cerebral veins

43
Q

What are the tributaries of the transverse sinus?

A

Inferior cerebellar veins,
superior petronsal sinus
inferior cerebral veins
anastomotic veins
diplopic veins

44
Q

Name the tributaries of superior petrosal sinus

A

Cerebellar
inferior cerebral
tympanic veins

45
Q

Name the tributaries of the sigmoid sinus

A

Mastoid and condylar emissary vein
cerebellar veins
internal auditory vein

46
Q

What is the major vein draining the brain parenchyma?

A

Great cerebral vein

47
Q

Describe the blood flow from the superior sagittal sinus to the IJV

A

Superior sagittal sinus > confluence of sinuses > transverse sinus >sigmoid sinus > IJV

48
Q

Describe the location of the straight sinus

A

Tentorium cerebelli and flax junction

49
Q

What is the blood supply of temporalis muscle

A

Deep temporal artery - (anterior and posterior) branches from the maxillary artery

50
Q

What artery supplies the scalp over the temporalis muscle?

A

Superficial temporal artery from ECA

Head and Neck Anatomy (4 decks)

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