sku sku 1/3 Flashcards
1
Q
la Belle Époque
A
(1890 - 1914), is an age of contradiction
2
Q
period
A
there was lots of expansion, development and innovation ⇾ Industrial Revolution, Imperialism and Colonialism
3
Q
state of mind
A
because of this there is a general state of well - being
there is a shadow of insecurity because little fights among European countries
4
Q
national powers
A
which are also threatened by the development of two national, Japan and the USA
5
Q
france
A
we have the Third Republic (so a democracy), but the republican institutions are not as strong as they should be and they do not gain much approval from the public opinion
6
Q
Dreyfus
A
in 1894, Dreyfus Affair: this shakes the Republic greatly, Dreyfus, a French general, is accused of having sold French top secret documents to the Germans; he was innocent and accused only because he was Jewish (antisemitism)
7
Q
people on Dreyfus
A
most people knew of his innocency so the population is divided (accused by nationalists, the Church and supported by the socialists and republicans, ≠ from the Third Republic)
8
Q
france republic
A
thanks to this affair republicans start to gain more and more power and in 1899 Republicans win the election ⇾ the relationship between France and the Church is broken forever (it still is a very laical state)
9
Q
Zola
A
Zola writes a pamphlet named J’accuse talking about the Dreyfus Affair in which he accuses institutions, provoking a scandal as it was a very explicit article posted on the national newspaper
10
Q
Great Britain
A
it was ruled by a liberal government that gives a lot of social reforms
11
Q
the Irish Question
A
in 1901, the Irish Independence Movement called Sinn Féin (=ourselves in Irish) asked for independence
12
Q
Home Rule
A
their work leads to the UK allowing in 1914 the Home Rule, thanks to which Ireland gets it own Parliament and Government, but they still have to rely on the UK for the common matters, but it is revoked soon after because of the I World War
13
Q
Germany
A
-the new state was ruled by Wilhelm the I and Otto von Bismarck is Chancellor
-Will the I dies and his successor is Wilhelm the II
-the II wants to make Germany into a liberal state but he never manages it
14
Q
Otto and Germany
A
-Germany is developing quickly, but Otto resigns as he does not agree with the II
-without Otto and his strong and experienced personality, he centres the power onto himself even more
15
Q
german policies
A
at this point Germany has the need to impose its power and get known both in Europe and the colonies
-so they start very aggressive politics
16
Q
Austro - Hungarian Empire
A
-the only threat that Austria has are the internal movements asking for independence (like the Balkans)
-the Ottoman Empire is also slowly loosening its grip on power
17
Q
austria trialistic state
A
so Austria starts facing the possibility of a Trialistic state
-a Trialistic monarchy made up of: Austria, Hungary and the Balkans
18
Q
triple
A
there are the triple alliances (Italy, Germany and Austro-Hungary) and the triple union (France, Russia, UK and then USA which joins after some time)
19
Q
Giolitti Giovanni
A
he is a chancer (=opportunista), he was President of the Minister’s Council a few times (called the Ministro della Malavita)
20
Q
Giolitti PM
A
in 1892 he becomes Prime Minister, for the first time, whilst the king is Umberto the I
-he has two main troubles
21
Q
the Southern Question
A
poverty, no rights, division between south and north, banditry
-there had been revolts that were suppressed with military force
-Giovanni Giolitti manages the situation differently opting for a pacific approach, with no military force and interventions but letting the riots just have its course
22
Q
the Banca Romana Scandal
A
-the banca romana was the national Italian bank
-it is discovered that it is corrupted and that the government is involved
-at the time Giolitti was the Ministrer of Treasury so he is forced to resign
23
Q
Giolitti apprach
A
Giolitti’s approach was based on a game: as soon as he had a problem he left the government to his opposition and when they could not resolve the problem he came back gaining more consensus and a more powerful position
24
Q
governo Crispi
A
-so then Francesco Crispi becomes Prime Minister, he decides to repress the riots with military force
-but in 1896 the Crispi government also falls due to a defeat in Etiopia
-Italy was trying to conquer some colonies in Africa but they were defeated in Adua
25
governo Starabba
so Antonio Starabba, Marchese of Rudini is the new Prime Minister, but in 1898 a big problem rises
-which was the rise of the price of bread so people rebelled
-his government decides to take the same action as the government Crispi had and so repressed this riots with military force
26
Bava Beccaris
in Milan the general Bava Beccaris decides to shoot on the people manifesting and more than a hundred are killed
-Umberto I gives an honour to Bava Beccaris to keep peace in the city of Milan
-Gaetano Bresci an anarchic that lived in the United States
27
Umberto dead
-he comes back to Italy and kills Umberto the I on the 12th July of 1900 to avenge the people killed by the troupes
-the new king is Vittorio Emanuele III and the Prime Minister is once again Giolitti, this two get along quite well as they both believe in the same governing approach (not using military force)
28
militarey force
they think that using military force is an injustice, it also would be an economically and politically-speaking dumb choice as they need the work force and their approval
-their support was important because in 1912 there is the first universal male suffrage
29
Giolitti’s characteristics
he is a moderate and liberal (sinistra storica)
30
strike middle class
in 1904 we have the first national strike and the middle class is afraid of it seeing as it as been organised on a high level (fear of the power the lower class is gaining)
-afraid of socialism, Giolitti gains the middle class’s vote
-so in 1904 he forms a new government, supported by both the middle and lower class, it is a moderate and liberal (with a sprinkle of socialism) government
31
Libia
being this government the representation of the public opinion it is as to act that way: Italy desires territories
-Giolitti therefore decides to go and conquer Libia, so in 1911 Libia is conquered, it was not a good political affair as it has no raw materials and the war came at a high price (Italy is indebted by this)
-Giolitti starts to lose some political support
32
new movement
a new political movement starts to rise which represents both the Democrats and the Christians in the population: the future DemoCristiani
-this movement is rising but the Church fears it because their positions were too progressive, so they have this movement fall
33
Gentiloni Pact
Giolitti then sees an opportunity to seize another group to his favour
-so in 1913 he signs the Gentiloni Pact, Gentiloni was the Head of the Catholic Union Electorate (for now not a politician)
34
Gentiloni goal
Giolitti instead promises to respect and listen to the position of the Catholics
-the Catholics don’t vote for Giolitti as much as the previsions stated, and so his government falls but Giolitti is quite calm because he knows his game and that his opponent will eventually fall
35
GIolitti is done
his opponent at the time is Salandra, which ends up holding the government well, and so Giolitti never comes back
36
triple alliance
the Triple Alliance in 1882
-made up of Italy, Germany and Austro-Hungary
-it is a defensive alliance
37
triple intesa
Triple “Intesa” in 1907
made up of France, UK and Russia (USA later joins)
it is not a defensive alliance
-some years before (1843), France and UK had created an alliance
38
fears of countries
UK feared Germany because Germany was building a fleet
○ Russia then enters ⇾ they feared the Austrian-Hungarian Empire, because of the situation in the Balkans
○ Germany undervalues Russia in WWI
39
revanchism
France and Germany hated each other because of the Franco Prussian war (they wanted revenge), this sentiment is called revanchism
40
the drop that made the vase
● Prince Franz Ferdinand II was the second heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne
● he was in Bosnia to try to con vince them to renounce to their cause for
independence
● he was killed in Sarajevo (Bosnia) by Gavrilo Princep along with his wife on the
28th of June 1914
41
princep
Princep was a Bosnian student and also an independentist and anarchic rebel armed by the Black Hand
42
the black hand
a Serbian secret military organisation created by officers of the Serbian Army
43
the start
● this leads to an internal clash between Bosnia (and Serbia) and the Empire
● on the 23rd of July Austria sends an ultimatum to Serbia (either they accept
these conditions or it will be war)
● this conditions are that the investigation has to be led by the Austrian police in
Serbia
44
the first attack
Serbia refuses and so Austria attacks them ⇾ 28th July 1914
● so Russia enters the war to aid Serbia as they wanted influence on the Balkans
45
Russia vs German
● Russia places troupes on their border with Germany (because of the Triple Alliance)
● France then starts to mobilitate their troupes
● Germany gives an ultimatum to Russia and then they declare war on the 1st of
August
46
belgium
● they then attack France on the 3rd of August, but as they march to Paris they
pass through Belgium
● ⇾ invasion of Belgium
● so England also attacks as Germany is too close to their border, 5th of August
47
german thoughts
● Germany thought that this would be a quick war, it is also a war of movement
● so they start focusing on France and then Russia
48
why they thought so
○ they had a lot of military troupes (due to compulsory conscription)
○ they also had new weapons (new cannons, automatic rifles and machines guns)
○ so they were convinced that they would win
49
2 german successes
1. their first success is against France: they push France back from the north eastern part and from the capital Paris
2. they contained Russia on the Russian front
50
France vs germny 1
● after one month France gets their territory back and pull back Germany
● this war is not fast, France manage the attack and Germany is not sure as the
begging that this war will be a fast one
51
VS intesa side
○ Germany, Austria, the Ottoman Empire (1914) and Bulgary (1915) join the war side by side
52
with the intesa
Italy is not the only country that enters in the war in a second moment
○ with France and Great Britain: Japan (1914) that had a secret treaty with Britain that was established in 1902, Italy (1915), Portugal and Romania (1916) and in 1917, year that marks a turning point, Greece and the United States also join
53
italy joins
● Italy joins on the 24th of May 1915: they were neutral originally because their alliance is defensive, but it was Austria to declare war to Serbia and Germany to declare it to France
54
neutral italy
● Italy is neutral but when Germany started to be less powerful, Italy realises that they are not as strong as they believed
55
why italy joins
● so they join war on the side of the “triple intesa” because they wanted Trentino
Alto Adige and Trieste from Austria
● they wanted to make “the Risorgimento project”
56
italian public opinion
interventionists, neutralists and pacifists
57
interventionists
nationalists and republicans (Garibaldi: progetto risorgimentale)
58
neutralists
they didn’t want to enter in war, as Italy is not able
○ Giolitti was a neutralist along with the Italian government at first
○ the prime minister is Salandra and Sonnino as the Minister of Foreign Affairs are
neutralists
59
pacifists
they didn’t want the war to continue in general, they were the Catholic Church and the socialist party
○ one member of the socialist party is Benito Mussolini but at a certain point he
became and interventionist and he founds his own party
60
italy enetrs
● the government realises that the public opinion wanted the war, so Sonnino e Salandra decide to enter
● on the 26th of April 1915: the treaty of London is signed between Italy and France, thanks to which Italy will join the war in exchange of Trentino, Dalmatia, Friuli Venezia Giulia and Istria
61
italian government opinion
the neutralist government does not agree, Salandra resigns but the king doesn’t accept his dimissions and so the king demonstrates that he wanted to enter the war
● the government accepts the treaty of London, and on the 24th of May 1915 Italy officially join the war with the intesa
62
how we fight
● the head of the Italian army is Luigi Cadorna
● the main front that Italy sets is the front on the river Isonzo
63
France vs Germany 2
● there were two main battles:
1. the battle of the Somme, fought in 1916
2. the battle of Verdun, in 1916
● France obtain support of Great Britain, 1.5 million people died in this two battles with no changes in the borders
64
Russian exit
● due to the Russian revolution Russia exits the war in 1918 with the peace of Brest-Litovsk
65
naval bolckade
● the English had the biggest and most powerful fleet and in 1916 they installed a naval blockade (=blocco navale) on the English Channel
● they also block the Norwegian sea preventing the Germans from collecting supplies from their colonies (no food, no munitions, no stock)
66
germ vs great brit
● Germany tries to attack Britain in the battle of Jutland, this attack fails but it represents a crucial point because the problem is that it involves another technology that is new, the submarine
67
germany vs usa
● Germany strikes USA but the USA has some naval forces close to the UK
● both in the army and in society people are tired to fight a war that doesn’t lead
to any change
68
condition in the trenches
soldiers lived there with very scarce igiene
conditions, they didn’t have a lot of permits to go home, they were given drugs
and scarce food, a lot of soldiers started deserting
69
government propganda
● the governments start a wide propaganda project in order to support the
continuity of the war
● the ones who go against the propaganda are the socialists ⇾ they wanted a
peace without annexation and compensations in two conferences
70
1917
● the turning point, Russia leaves the war, so one front is closed
● the other change is the fact that the USA join the war because following the
attack under the sea by Germany, they feel threatened
71
USA
they wanted to defend the democracy, for a moral reason (Austria and Germany
were monarchies)
● USA has a strong power on Europe because they win France’s war
72
Caporetto
● last turning point is the disfatta di Caporetto or the Caporetto battle/defeat
● today it is in Slovenia, Italian soldiers receive the attack from Austria
● the Austrians push the Italian front back to the river Piave
73
Cadorna
● following this Italian fail, Cadorna is forced to resign, he blames the soldiers who
are very tired and they didn’t want to fight
● the new general is Armando Diaz and he tries to support the soldiers (sends them
home, more food, better conditions)
● Austria has entered the Italian territories so the public opinion also has a new
reason to fight ⇾ this will change the war
74
1918
● it is the year of the end of the war
● last attempts from Germany and Austria to close the war
● there is an attack on the French front from Germany and Austria attacks the
Italian from Austria
● at first Germany has success but France rearranges the army and stops the German attack
75
germany ending
● the German public opinion and their army both start losing hope
● the marines in particular so they merge with the workers movement
● William II is then forced to flee so a previsionary government is set
76
armistice
● on the 11th of November 1918 Germany signs the armistice with France and
the intesa
77
4 nov
on the 4th of November the armistice between Italy and Austria becomes
effective
78
vittorio veneto
○ the Italian army manages to stop the Austrian army
○ but Austria also had many internal problems such as
□ the Balkan states seeking for independence
○ so Italy takes advantage of this and tries one last attack in Vittorio Veneto
○ in the evening of the 3rd of November the armistice is signed
79
results of the war
○ 9 million people died
○ 20 million people injured (mutilated and/or mentally and physically ill)
80
versailles
● the Congress of Versailles (≠ Treaty of Versailles, Franco-Prussian War) on the 18th of January 1919
● it is an opportunity to create balance after the disastrous war
81
strategies in versailles
● two strategies are considered either the punishing one or the democratic one
(no punishments)
● the punishing train is chosen
82
causes of RR
● the loss of more than 1,700,000 soldiers during the WWI due to their poor armaments and ineptitude (=incapacità) of the army chiefs
● the market is directed towards supporting the war and it suffers
● factories in Petrograd go on strike
83
crops
● 1916 is also a negative year for the crops (=colture), so prices rise and the Russians can’t afford food
84
after strikes
● the government asks the army to intervene
● but the army fraternises with the workers
● so they refuse the government’s orders ⇾ revolution
85
monarchy
● in order to keep the monarchy going, the Tzar Nikolaj II abdicates in favour of
his brother, Mikhailo, but he refuses
86
republic rr
the power goes to the Parliament and Russia becomes a Republic
○ the soviets: soviets were the workers’ council and did not want to go on with the worry
○ the government: wanted to carry on with WWI
87
april theses
● Lenin understands that there cannot be mediation, he wants the end of the
war
● in his “April Theses” he proclaims that the only way to exit the war is to
overthrow the government and give power to the soviet
88
the revolution
● from the 24th to the 25th of October 1917
● the Bolsheviks occupy the Winter Palace (government’s seat) and they form
a new government with
○ Stalin as the Minister of National Affairs
○ Lenin as head of the Government
○ Trotsky as the Minister of Foreign Affairs
89
● this new governments wants rr
○ to end the war in a peaceful manner
○ to take lands from the landowners and the Church and distribute them to
the farmers
90
dictatorship
but at the elections of the first constituent assembly the moderates win and so
in 1918 the Bolsheviks dissolve the assembly and establish a dictatorship
○ which they thought to be rightful as it represented the proletarians, which
consisted of the biggest part of the population
91
brest peace
● 1918 ⇾ Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, so Russia exits the war by signing a peace
with Germany and Austro - Hungary
● so Finland, Poland, Ukraine and the Baltic Areas go to Germany
92
civil war
○ the Red Army (=communists), led by Trotsky
○ the White Army (=anticommunists), they wanted the restoration of the Tzar’s power ⇾ they were completely defeated and around 7 million died
● communism takes power ⇾ so War Communism
93
war communism policies
● factories are nationalised
● the power is centralised in the hands of the State
94
new consituition
all the power is managed by the Soviets; nobles,
landowners and the clergy don’t have the right to vote, given only to famers
and workers
95
army's move rr
the army confiscates all the lands and distributes food on the basis of a
system which works by ration stamps (=tessere annonarie) ⇾ this leads to a
growth if the Black Market and police repressions
96
3rd international
● in 1918 all the opposition parties are abolished, thus leaving a single-party
political regime
● in 1919 the Third International is (Comintern ⇾ communist international) is
established with the aim of spreading the communist revolution throughout
Europe and the world
97
NEP
● in 1921 ⇾ after a riot by the workers, the War Communism is abandoned and
Lenin elaborates the NEP - New Economy Policy
● which abolished the crop confiscation by the army ⇾ allowing the market to
flourish again ⇾ some farmers (kulaki) became richer than others
98
Soviet union
● 1922 ⇾ foundation of the USSR or Soviet Union (Union of Soviet Socialists
Republics)
● this State is a Federation of Republics (composed of the actual Russia, Belarus, Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan)
● but the power is held only by the communist party and its general secretary
99
Trotsky VS Stalin
after lenin death
○ Trotsky believes in the necessity of spreading the revolution in Europe but thinks that the party is too centralised, he also do not support NEP
○ Stalin on the other side believes in the efficiency of the system and in the necessity of solidifying the revolution in the USSr, he does indeed support NEP
100
esito
○ Stalin wins and he becomes the General Secretary
○ Trotsky is expelled from the USSR
101
stalin consensus
○ sacralisation of the party
○ economical advantages for the farmers
○ clientelism
○ the strategy of suspect
○ the Lenin Cult
102
sacralisation of the party
the party is like a Church, with sacred texts, icons and “saints”.
○ the Orthodox Church is separated from the State, its lands are confiscated, religion cannot be taught at school, religious press is prohibited, Churches are closed
103
clientelism
concession of a role in the party in exchange for political support
104
the strategy of suspect
identification of internal and external enemies that leads to cohesion of “the righteous”
