okok 20/10 Flashcards

Question

Felice Orsini

Answer 1

● Felice Orsini makes Cavour’s life easier because he attacks Napoleon III and tries to kill him, after this attack doesn’t succeed Cavour writes letters to Napoleon explaining why he did it and he explains his situation ● Napoleon III is moved by these letters and decides to give help and support to Italy

Answer 2

in July 1858: Napoleon III and Cavour meet secretly in Plombieres in France and they create a coalition, the conditions of this alliance are that Italy shall be divided into three parts 1. Alta Italia: Piemonte, Lombardia, Emilia Romagna 2. Italia centrale 3. Regno meridionale ○ all of this was meant to be controlled by Cavour and therefore the Kingdom of Sardinia

Answer 3

● they failed that war and they met in secret as Cavour wasn’t supported by the whole country and Napoleon III wasn’t helped his population ● this alliance was a defensive one ● they needed Austria to attack so that France could support Italy ● Austria then gives an ultimatum after being provoked by Cavour ● Cavour doesn’t respect the ultimatum and Austria attacks

Answer 4

● during the second war there were a lot of battles but only two matter 1. Battle of Montebello: it is the first time Austria loses 2. Battle of Magenta: is the one they open the path to Milan with, and so be able to conquer Lombardia

Answer 5

after they conquer Lombardia, Napoleone orders an armistice which will pass onto history as the Villafranca Armistice ● 11 July ’59: the armistice between France and Austria is signed in Villafranca by request of Napoleon III

Answer 6

1. French people were against this war 2. Germany was starting to become a threat as Austrian supporters (they shared a border with France) 3. the riots in the central states to unite with Sardinia, Napoleon didn’t want it to get so strong

Answer 7

● Cavour then resigns in 1859 but just a year later he comes back because he knows he has a secret weapon ● the secret weapon was that Nice and Savoy hadn’t yet been given to France as the Plombieres deal had stated ● so he negotiates with Napoleon to get his permission to annex the central states to Sardinia in exchange he gives France the provinces of Nice and Savoy as per stated in the

Answer 8

in March 1860 through some plebiscites the Central state become part of the Kingdom of Sardinia ● plebiscites: its an ancestor of a referendum

Answer 9

were democrats, they were from the Two Sicilies but had moved to the North, they plan the annexation of the Two Sicilies ● they understand that it is the people and not the government they have to convince ○ they organise riots in Palermo in 1960 ○ they then look for a leader, who ends up being Giuseppe Garibaldi

Answer 10

● actually both Cavour and the king didn’t officially support this expedition but they did not stop it so they were in between ● for Cavour the central states were enough but he knew Garibaldi personally and was aware of the fact that he wanted the state of France

Answer 11

● 5th or 6th May 1860: Garibaldi sets sale from Liguria with a thousand volunteering soldiers and after a few days they dock in Marsala, Sicily ● the population welcomes them happily supporting their arrival and they help this volunteer army to pursue their goal

Answer 12

● 15th May 1860: the Battle of Calatafini took place where the army of Garibaldi beats the Bourbons that were ruling over Sicily and open their way to Palermo ● they then conquer Palermo and the Government falls so Garibaldi forms a provisional government

Answer 13

● he passes a lot of laws to help Sicily but after some time they people rise up and cause Garibaldi lots of problems ● so there is a strong repression of these population (they rebelled because Garibaldi imposed the compulsory conscription) (=leva obbligatoria) ● the hardest battle was that of Bronte

Answer 14

● Garibaldi was a very ambitious man so, after conquering the First Sicily, he heads towards Calabria and Campania ● August 20th Garibaldi gains control of Calabria and on September 7th he gets control of Naples

Answer 15

● France was a strong supporter of the Papal State, that would have been a problem for Cavour so he had to intervene and stop Garibaldi ● he discusses with Napoleon III and then he intervenes militarily (he has assured that he won’t conquer the Papal State and then descends with his army)

Answer 16

● during the road to Naples with the army he conquers Umbria and the Marche ● he then understands that the Unification is close and that he not only needs the military intervention but also a politic one ● he makes the Parliament approve a law that authorises the government to proclaim the annexations through plebiscites in 1860

Answer 17

1. he stops Garibaldi from menacing Roma (which would the trigger a response from France) 2. he politically intervenes creating a new law

Answer 18

● on the 21st October 1860 there are plebiscites (=first male universal suffrage), the turnout was 75/80% and most of the people vote in favour and so the Central State become part of the Kingdom of Sardinia ● so in the 25th of October in Teano (Caserta) Cavour meets with Garibaldi asking him control over his conquests and the military control

Answer 19

● Garibaldi’s previsionary government falls and Cavour gains the Two Sicilies ● on 17th March 1861 the King Vittorio Emanuele II proclaims the Kingdom of Italy

Answer 20

1. it happen from above and form the bottom (people) 2. it was the widening of a single state (Kingdom of Sardinia) 3. no external interventions from Europe

Answer 21

● German Confederation created during the Congress of Vienna (1815), it was made of 39 states and included ● the Kingdom of Prussia and the Empire of Austria ● during 1848 these states start to manifest a desire for unification and asked for Constitutions

Answer 22

● Prussia was a rising power whilst Austria was a declining power ○ Austria was very influential but it was too large and comprehended many different people and it was also devastated by the many wars they had faced ○ Prussia was an aristocratic state which were called Junkers, they were the noble ruling social class made of landowners, the trade was controlled

Answer 23

● there were some economic and commercial agreements in the Confederation, all except Austria, they were called Zollverein ● Zollverein had been promoted by Prussia and excluded Austria as they wanted to prevail over them

Answer 24

● 1861 -> William I ascends to the throne of Prussia, but it is still considered an oligarchy ● he chooses Otto von Bismarck as his Chancellor, = Head of Government (coll. Diritto), he is a Junker, he wants to reach unification through blood and iron

Answer 25

● so he starts a military campaign against Austria, because he wants to be the leader of the Unification and not them ● he asks Italy for help, unexpectedly, so they form an alliance and declare war against Austria (Prussia and France are enemies)

Answer 26

Italy annexes Veneto after Austria is defeated ● it was a really short war, and Italy did not give much to it as they were always defeated by Austria and won only because of the Prussian army ● Prussia only wanted to gain power and not territories

Answer 27

● Garibaldi wanted Trentino (as it was still Austrian) at all costs but he was stopped by General La Marmora ● La Marmora sends a telegram to Garibaldi and he replies with “I obey”, so he is stopped

Answer 28

● Prussia decides for the dissolution of the German Confederation creating a new one without Austria ● the new Confederation was called the North German Confederation ● France is afraid of this Confederation

Answer 29

● meanwhile the Spanish throne remains vacant, as the previous King had been overthrown and it is offered to a relative of William the I, his name is Leopold of Hohenzowern ● France feels threatened and so gives an ultimatum to Prussia -> which succeeds as ,Leopold refuses the throne

Answer 30

● Otto von Bismarck does not want to bow his head to the power of France and so he manipulates a telegram between Napoleon III and William I = making it clear that Prussia wants to attack France, and gives it to the press ● due to the French public opinion being on fire Napoleon is forced to declare war on Prussia

Answer 31

● it is a very fast war as Prussia is actually much stronger ● Prussia wins ● on the 1st of September 1870 France is officially defeated in Sedan, and Napoleon III is taken prisoner

Answer 32

● whilst France is weakened and busy, Italy takes advantage and take the Papal State over to its cause ● the only things missing from Italy are Trentino and Friuli

Answer 33

● William the I is then crowned as German Emperor in Versailles (final humiliation for France) ● the Second Reich is born and composed by 25 states (some States had united) each one had its own government but they all refer to the Empire’s Government

Answer 34

the Empire also takes the Alsace and Lorraine with the Treaty of Frankfurt

Answer 35

1. it is also widening of a single state (Prussia) 2. just came from above, a decision carried only by Prussian government 3. the4 unification was carried out outside national borders

Answer 36

● Italy has been instituted now we have to make the Italian ● after 1861 not everyone was happy

Answer 37

○ there were 22 million people in Italy at the time of the unification ○ only 200.000 people spoke Italian, so the majority of the population was using different dialects ○ the linguistic differences divided Italy

Answer 38

○ 78% of the population didn’t have any kind of education, and therefore were completely illiterate ○ there were no roads or infrastructures between north and south to connect people

Answer 39

● agriculture was the main economic income, 70% of the economy in Italy was based on agriculture ● there was no balance between economic activity between north and south ● the north was more industrialised and the south was based on agriculture

Answer 40

● in the northern part of the country the economy was managed in the modern way, with a salary and several guaranties ● in the southern part of the country they don’t receive a salary they got paid in nature

Answer 41

three months after the Unification ● Cavour dies and he leaves a vacant spot as the head of the government ● a new political group emerges the historic right (=la destra storica)

Answer 42

● they were moderate but they were the expression of only the 2% of the population ● they did not represent the country, only this 2% of the population had the right to vote

Answer 43

● the historic right extends the Sardinian laws (Albertine Statute) to the whole of Italy, which did not work as Italy was not omogeneous

Answer 44

their economy is based on sharecropping and estates (=mezzadria e latifondi); the landlord’s land is shared between his workers, in the south they did not share much -> the people weren’t happy

Answer 45

are riots against the government that di not give the agricultural workers in the south the rights and the guarantees they asked for, apart from the riots they also commit rapes, homicides and robbery

Answer 46

● the government replies with a strong repression -> there is more death during this period that during the three Wars of Independence

Answer 47

● 1882 -> Triple Alliance, a defensive pact between Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy; they allied to protect each other from France ● Italy was allied to gain credibility

Answer 48

● the historic right falls, and the left rises led by Agostino De Pretis ● the Coppino law in 1877 brings the compulsory schooling up to 9 years ● they widen the voters from 2% to 7%

Answer 49

● the first strikes and the first workers movements begin to rise, they are organised but they lack a precise political party to represent them

Answer 50

● so Filippo Turati starts to organise a political movement to represent these workers ● and so in 1895 the Partito Socialista Italiano is born, their opposition were the Catholics

Answer 51

è una forma di Stato che si propone di fornire e garantire diritti e servizi sociali, ad esempio: Assistenza sanitaria. Pubblica istruzione. Indennità di disoccupazione, sussidi familiari, in caso di accertato stato di povertà o bisogno.