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Anatomy > Skin System > Flashcards

Skin System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three main layers involved in the integumentary system

A

Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis

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2
Q

Describe hypodermis?

A
  • not classified as a layer of skin but a layer of adipose tissue
  • bottom layer
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3
Q

Function of hypodermis?

A

Protection
Insulation
Connects dermis to muscle and bone

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4
Q

Describe dermis?

A

middle layer
- Contains many structures including; elastic and reticular fibres, collagen, hair follicles, sweat glands, nerve endings, sebaceous glands and blood vessels

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5
Q

Function of Dermis

A

Epidermal nutrition - the blood vessels carry nutrients to epidermis and remove waste products
Provides strength - due to collagen
Provides flexibility - due to elastic fibres

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6
Q

Describe Epidermis?

A
  • most superficial layer
  • can vary in thickness e.g. 0.1mm on eyelids whereas 1mm on palms of hands
  • avascular = lack of its own blood supply
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7
Q

What are the four main cells found in the epidermis?

A

Keratinocytes = for protection by forming a barrier
Melanocyetes = skin pigmentation
Langerhans cells = for immune response
Merkel Cells = form sensory structures

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8
Q

How many layers can epidermis be sub-divided to?

A

5 layers;
- stratum corneum
- stratum lucidum = only on fingertips, soles and palms
- stratum granulosum = granular cell layer
- stratum spinosum = spinous layer
- stratum basale = basal layer

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9
Q

What are the main functions of the skin?

A

Regulation of temperature:
- Vasoconstriction/ vasodilation = narrowing/widening of blood vessels
-sweating
-piloerection e.g. goosebumps

Protection
- physical barrier
- prevents water loss

Cutaneous sensation
- receptors within skin respond to temperature, touch, pressure and pain

Synthesis of Vitamin D

Excretion of waste products and sebum

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10
Q

Describe the skin response when warm?

A

Hair erector muscles relax
Sweat glands excrete sweat
Vessels dilate

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11
Q

Describe the skin response when cold?

A

Hair erector muscles contract
Sweat glands do not excrete sweat
Vessels constrict

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12
Q

What are the two cells involved in Immunity and protection?

A

Langerhans cells
Keratinocytes

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13
Q

Describe Langerhans cells?

A
  • Formed in bone marrow and migrate to epidermis
  • Engulf and breaks down pathogens
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14
Q

Describe Keratinocytes?

A
  • Make up 90% of epidermal cell in humans
  • Form a barrier against environmental damage
  • Re - epithelialisation = wound healing
  • Express cytokines to immune cells
  • Prevent water loss at skin surface
  • Apoptosis occurs at stratum granulosum layer
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15
Q

Describe Melanocytes?

A
  • described as spider shaped cells
  • located within the bottom layer of the epidermis
  • synthesise melanin, the absorbed by keratinocytes
  • keratin and melanin combined protect the skin from harmful effect of UV damage
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16
Q

Describe Merkel cells?

A
  • contains mechanoreceptors = essential for touch sensation
  • abundant in highly sensitive skin e.g. fingertips
  • exist in the basal layer of the epidermis
  • the development of merkel cells and other functions still have unanswered questions
17
Q

Describe cutaneous sensation?

A
  • 31 pairs of spinal nerves
  • single nerve roots:
    -supply a specific area of skin
    -detecting pressure
    -pain
    -temperature
    -texture
    -send signals via the spinal cord to the brain
  • each of the specific areas of skin supplied by a single nerve root is called dermatome
  • 30 dermatomes across body - C1 does not have sensory root
18
Q

Give an overview of hair

A
  • covers almost every surface of the human body
  • babies born with approx. 5 million hair follicles on their body = most human will ever have
  • follicle = where hair grows and held in position
  • shape of hair strands determines whether hair is curly or straight
  • amount of melanin in hair follicles dictates the colour; the more melanin , the darker the hair.
19
Q

List the stages of the hair growth cycle in order.

A
  1. Anagen
  2. Catagen
  3. Telogen
  4. Return to anagen
  5. Early anagen
20
Q

Functions of Hair

A

Heat Preservation
Sebum Production
Friction Prevention
Protection
Communication

21
Q

Give an overview of nails

A
  • main exterior of nail = nail plate and formed by layers of keratin
  • nail folds = lateral and proximal
    • surround and protect margins of nail plate
  • nail bed (sterile matrix) = provides a smooth surface for nail to grow over
  • germinal matrix = cells within this continually divide and become keratinised to form the nail plate
  • eponychium (cuticle) = layer of skin that extends from the finger over the nail plate
  • lunula = distal edge of the nail matrix
22
Q

What is the purpose of fingers?

A

allows us to perform tasks with our hands due to its flexibility

Anatomy (19 decks)

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