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Anatomy > Cells and Tissue > Flashcards

Cells and Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main components of the cell?

A

Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Plasma Membrane
Mitochondria

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2
Q

What is the function of nucleus?

A

Contains genetic material of the cell - chromosomes are made of histone protein and DNA

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3
Q

What is the function of cytoplasm?

A

Cytoplasm is gel - like substance, which has two functions - supports and suspends organelles as well as provide optimal environment for metabolic activity

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4
Q

What is the function of plasma membrane?

A

Plasma membrane is the external boundary of the cell, and is responsible for transporting molecules in and out.

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5
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

Mitochondria generates majority of chemical energy required for cellular biochemical reactions.

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6
Q

What are two types of cell found in multicellular organisms?

A

Somatic and Germ Cells

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7
Q

What are somatic cells?

A

Somatic cells are diploid cells and can be found in most cells in the human body. They undergo division through mitosis, where daughter cells are produced identical to the parent. They do not pass on mutations as well as genetic information.

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8
Q

What are germ cells?

A

Germ cells are haploid towards the end of development and can only be found in the sperm and egg. They undergo division through meiosis, where daughter cells are genetically unique from the parent and contain only half of the parent’s DNA. They have the ability to pass on mutations as well as transfer genetic information.

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9
Q

State the stages of mitotic cell cycle.

A

Interphase -
G1 - growth of cell
S- continual growth and synthesis of DNA
G2 - continual growth and final preparation for division

Mitotic phase -
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis

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10
Q

Describe what happens during mitosis?

A

A cell (e.g. skin cell) has two pairs of chromosome, which duplicate. The chromosomes line up along the cell’s equator. The chromosomes separate and then the cells split in two to form two identical skin cells.

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11
Q

Describe what happens during meiosis?

A

There are two pairs of chromosomes in a ovary (or sperm) cell. The chromosomes duplicate and the identical chromosomes line up the cell’s equator. The chromosomes then separate and split into two, producing cells with different chromosomes.
The chromosomes go through separation again , producing four egg cells.

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12
Q

List the levels of cell organisation in order.

A

Cell - Tissue - Organ - Organ System - Organism

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13
Q

State the different group of cells that can be found in the human body?

A

Any of the following:
Nerve Cells
Muscle Cells
Bone Cell
Gland Cells
Blood Cells
Reproductive Cells

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14
Q

State the four types of human tissues.

A

Epithelial, Nervous, Muscle and Connective

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15
Q

What are the functions of Epithelial Tissue?

A
  • Lines tissue and organs
  • For Protection, Difusion and Secretion
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16
Q

What are the functions of Nervous Cells?

A
  • Sends and receives electrochemical signals
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17
Q

What are the functions of Muscle Tissue?

A

Responsible for all the movement (both involuntary and voluntary)

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18
Q

What are the functions of Connective Tissue?

A
  • Can provide support and connect other tissues as well as protection
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19
Q

State all the different types of connective tissue?

A
  • Bone and Cartilage
  • Adipose
  • Fibrous
  • Blood
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20
Q

State the two classification of Epithelia

A
  1. based on number of cell layers
  2. based on cell shape
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21
Q

What are the two types of epithelial based on number of cell layers

A

Simple - have one layer
Stratified - multiple layers

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22
Q

What are the three types of epithelial based on cell shape?

A

Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar

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23
Q

What are two surfaces found in epithelial cells?

A

Basal (bottom layer) and Apical Surface (top player)

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24
Q

What happens when apical cells slough off?

A

They are replaced by basal cells as they regenerate.

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25
Q

What type of epithelial tissue can be found on urinary bladder?

A

Transitional Epithelium

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26
Q

Explain the purpose of the transition epithelium in the urinary bladder?

A

Can stretch/expand to accommodate the changes of volume of urine within the bladder

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27
Q

What type of epithelial tissue can be found on esophageal gland?

A

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

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28
Q

Explain the purpose of the stratified cuboidal epithelium in the esophageal gland?

A
  • secretion of mucus = easier flow of food to the stomach
  • protection against reflux to gastric acids
  • enables products to be expelled from the body by travelling back up the oesophagus when vomiting
  • additional mucus layer = smooth movement of material either up/down
  • create an impermeable barrier between the surfaces
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29
Q

What type of epithelial tissue can be found on small intestine?

A

Nonciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium

30
Q

Explain the purpose of the nonciliated simple columnar epithelium in the small intestine

A
  • contains microvilli = increase surface area for absorption to take place = helpful in small intestine’s function to absorb nutrients
31
Q

Where are the nucleus and organelles located in the nervous cells?

A

Within the cell body

32
Q

Function of the cell body in the nervous cells?

A
  • to contain the nucleus and other organelles
  • regulate production of proteins and lipids required by neurons.
33
Q

What do dendrites in the nervous cells receive?

A

Electrochemical signals from other nervous cells (neurons)

34
Q

Where are synapses located in a neuron and what is their function?

A
  • located at the end of axon terminals
  • allow electrochemical signals be transmitted from the neurons to other cells in the body
35
Q

What is the function of axon?

A

carry signals (impulses) away from the cell body

36
Q

What is the function of myelin sheath?

A
  • provides a protective coating to the axon
  • the small gaps in the myelin sheath (nodes of Ranvier) speeds up transmission of signals.
37
Q

State the three types of muscle tissue?

A

Smooth, Cardiac and Skeletal

38
Q

Where are smooth muscles located?

A

Can be found in the walls of hollow vessels, e.g. blood vessels, uterus, bladder and respiratory tract

39
Q

What are the functions of smooth muscles?

A
  • involuntary
  • Specific arrangement of fibres = elasticity of the particular organ = contraction and relaxation
  • Enables full elasticity and motion/allowance of movement for an organ without causing damage
40
Q

Where are skeletal muscles located?

A
  • can be found throughout the body
  • attached to bones via tendon
  • can also be found in the tongue, diaphragm, eye socket and upper oesophagus
41
Q

What are the functions of skeletal muscles?

A
  • voluntary
  • contains flexible muscle fibres (that span the length of the muscle) = the fibres contract = muscles move to bones so different movement can be performed
  • maintaining body posture
  • protecting joints and holding them in place
42
Q

Why do skeletal muscles have striated appearance?

A

due to densely packed myofibrils

43
Q

What are the repeating units created from filaments in skeletal muscle?

A

Sarcomas

44
Q

Where are cardiac muscles located?

A

make up the thick middle layer of the heart

45
Q

What are the functions of cardiac muscles?

A
  • involuntary
  • pacemaker cells = contract = to keep the heart pumping and relaxing normally
46
Q

Function of Dense regular connective tissue

A

Provide structure with protection and allow some flexibility

47
Q

Explain the structure of Dense regular connective tissue

A
  • have little open space available
  • collagen fibres all running parallel to one another
    = resistant to repeated and prolonged stress in one direction
48
Q

Where are dense regular connective tissue found?

A

In ligaments, tendons and aponeuroses

49
Q

Explain the structure and function of Dense irregular connective tissue

A

Fibres are not parallel but are random and clustered = tissue to resist unpredictable stress and provide protective layer.

50
Q

Where are dense irregular connective tissue found?

A

In the dermis of the skin and surrounding certain organs, bones and cartilage

51
Q

Explain the structure of loose connective tissue.

A

Made up of a loose arrangement of connective protein fibres - a lot more unstructured and random

52
Q

State the two types of loose connective tissue

A

Areolar and Reticular

53
Q

Where are areolar connective tissue found?

A

within the subcutaneous layer of the skin (hypodermis)

54
Q

Explain the structure of areolar connective tissue?

A

Open structures, so intestial fluid can occupy a lot of space within the tissue.
Contains a mixture of elastic fibres, collagen fibres and mast cell

55
Q

Describe the function of areolar connective tissue?

A

provide support and help protect organs and other tissue whilst also helping to bind skin together in those certain areas

56
Q

Where are reticular connective tissue found?

A

in the bone marrow, Peyer’s patches, lymph nodes, kidney, liver, and spleen.

57
Q

Explain the structure of reticular connective tissue?

A

contains a larger amount of fibres compared to areolar and reticular fibres dominate majority of the structure

58
Q

Function of reticular connective tissue?

A

provides support structure (stroma) to lymphoid organs, such as lymph nodes and the spleen.

59
Q

State the three types of cartilage

A

Hyaline, Fibrocartilage and Elastic

60
Q

Describe structure of hyaline?

A

clearer looking ground substance

61
Q

Describe structure of fibrocartilage?

A
  • densely layered collagen fibres
  • more flattened and organised cell rows
62
Q

Describe structure of elastic fibres?

A

Visible elastic fibres in matrix

63
Q

What is adipose tissue?

A

a.k.a - body fat
specialised connective tissue consisting of cells called adipocytes, contain large lipid droplets

64
Q

Function of adipose tissue

A

Energy storage and release, for insulation and organ protection

65
Q

Describe the structure of compact bone

A
  • made up of multiple cylindrical structures called osteons/haversian systems.
  • osteons are made up of concentric bone layers called lamellae, surrounding the haversian canal, which contains several blood cells.
  • blood vessels provide blood to osteo sites - individual bone cells
  • contains yellow bone marrow= contains fat cells and stem cells = can differentiate to other cells
  • surrounded by a smooth white membrane = periosteum
66
Q

Describe the structure of spongy or cancellous bone

A
  • more air in between structures, not as densely packed compared to compact
  • composed of trabeculae
  • mainly found at the ends of the long bone (epiphysis)
  • coated with a membrane layer = endosteum
  • red bone marrow = location of the formation of red, white blood cells and platelets
67
Q

Describe the structure of red blood cells or erythrocytes

A
  • lack of majority of organelles (no nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes or any endoplasmic reticulum) to accommodate space for haemoglobin
  • contain plasma (a liquid matrix) and haemoglobin (which give blood its red colour)
68
Q

What is the typical life span of red blood cells?

A

120 days

69
Q

What is the function of red blood cells?

A
  • the haemoglobin binds to the oxygen and is then transported throughout the body
  • also carries carbon dioxide from the body to the lungs
70
Q

Where are red blood cells formed?

A

Within the red bone marrow

71
Q

How many molecules of oxygen can each red blood cell?

A

Can carry a total of four molecules of oxygen = 8 atoms of oxygen in each RBC (02)

Anatomy (19 decks)

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