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MTM > Skin (MTM) > Flashcards

Skin (MTM) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the five layers of the skin, from the most superficial layer to the deepest?

A

Stratum:

Corneum
Lucidium
Granulosum
Spinosum
Basale
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2
Q

In which layer of the skin are the proliferating cells found?

A

Stratum Basale

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3
Q

What is the nail plate composed of?

A

Several layers of keratin.

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4
Q

What is the nail bed?

A
  • The skin beneath the nail plate.

- Composed of the deeper dermis and the epidermis.

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5
Q

What is a sebaceous gland?

A

A gland in the skin which secretes sebum onto the hair follicles to lubricate the skin.

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6
Q

What is an apocrine sweat gland?

A
  • Usually associated with hair follicles.
  • Continuously secrete fatty sweat into the gland tubules.
  • Tubule wall can contract to expel the fatty sweat onto the hair follicle.
  • Inactive before puberty.
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7
Q

How does an eccrine gland differ from an apocrine gland?

A
  • Excrete sweat directly onto the surface of the skin.
  • Smaller than apocrine sweat glands.
  • Secretes less sweat than apocrine sweat glands.
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8
Q

What is a malignant melanoma? Which population is most at risk and why?

A
  • A cancer that develops from melanocytes.
  • People with lighter skin are more at risk as they have less melanin to absorb UV light, so their nuclei are more exposed.
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9
Q

What is the name of the cells in all layers except for the stratum basale?

A

Keratinocytes.

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10
Q

What is the function of keratinocytes?

A

To store and produce keratin.

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11
Q

What is between the epidermis and dermis?

A

The basal lamina.

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12
Q

What are dermal papillae?

A

Projections of the dermis into the epidermis that increase the strength of their connection.

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13
Q

What are the names of the cells found in the stratum basale?

A

Basal cells

Merkel Cells

Melanocytes

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14
Q

What are basal cells and what is their function?

A

Basal cells are stem cells and precursors to keratinocytes.

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15
Q

What are Merkel cells and what is their function?

A

Merkel cells are sensory organs that are responsible for perception of touch.

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16
Q

What are melanocytes and what is their function?

A
  • Melanocytes produce the pigment melanin.
  • Melanin protects cells of the epidermis from UV radiation.
  • Melanin gives skin and hair its colour.
17
Q

What gives the stratum spinosum its spiny appearance?

A

The protruding cell processes that join the cells via desmosomes.

18
Q

What is the function of desmosomes? How do they differ form hemidesmosomes?

A
  • Desmosomes are a form of adhering junction that do not form a continuous band.
  • Their function is to rivet cells together.
  • Hemidesmosomes attach cells to the extracellular matrix, whereas desmosomes attach cells to cells.
19
Q

Which cell is found among the keratinocytes in the stratum spinosum?

A

Langerhans cells

20
Q

What is the function of Langerhans cells?

A
  • Langerhans cells are macrophages.

- Engulf bacteria, foreign particles and damaged cells.

21
Q

Where does keratin synthesis begin?

A

In the stratum spinosum.

22
Q

What causes keratinocytes to be pushed upwards in the epiderims?

A

The production of more keratinocytes in the stratum basale.

23
Q

What gives the stratum granulosum its granular appearance?

A
  • Production of keratohyalin by keratinocytes.

- Keratohyalin accumulates as granules within keratinocytes.

24
Q

What are the differences in the keratinocytes between the stratum granulosum and the stratum spinosum?

A

Keratinocytes in the stratum granulosum compared to those in the strautm spinosum:

  • Are flatter
  • Have thicker cell membranes
  • Generate more keratin and keratohyalin.
25
Q

In which layer do the nuclei and other cell organelles of the keratinocytes disintegrate?

A

The stratum granulosum.

26
Q

What are the dead keratinocytes of the stratum lucidium packed with?

What does this give the stratum lucidium?

A
  • Eleiden, a clear protein derived from keratohyalin.

- This gives the stratum lucidium its clear appearance. and provides a barrier to water.

27
Q

In which areas of the body is the stratum lucidium found?

A

In the thick skin of the palms, soles and digits.

28
Q

What is contained within the dermis?

A
  • Blood vessels
  • Lymph vessels
  • Nerves
  • Hair follicles
  • Sweat glands.
29
Q

What is the dermis composed of?

A

Elastin and collagenous fibres.

MTM (15 decks)

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