Skin, Hair, Nails Flashcards
corn
flat, slightly elevated, circumscribed, painful lesions with smooth, hard surface
callas
superficial area of hyperkeratosis; on surfaces of feet and hands; not painful
hyperkeratosis
thickening of skin
Chloasma (aka melisma
areas of hyperpigmentation on face and neck associated with pregnancy or hormones; most common in women
Vitiligo
patches of pigmented skin or hair (white / pink splotches – hand
ecchymoses
discolorations produced by injury; NON-BLANCHABLE
• Bruise
petechie
discolorations produced by other causes (non-injury); smaller than 0.5 cm in diameter
purpura
discolorations produced by other causes (non-injury); larger than 0.5 cm in diameter
• Infection
telangiectasis
permanently dilated small vessels consisting of venules, capillaries, and arterioles; fine, irregular, red lines produced by capillary dilation
o Telangiectasia in rosacea
• Capillary spider: little masses of venules that refill erratically when blanched
• Spider angiomas: arterial and refill in organized way when blanched; red-central body (liver disease, vit D deficiency, idiopathic)
venous star
blush spider; does not blanch with pressure
• Cause: inc pressure in superficial veins
capillary hemangioma
red, irregular macular patches
• Cause: dilation of dermal capillaries
granuloma annulare
annular plaque on dorsa of hands or feet; annular = ring
intertriginous
areas where skin touch
keratinization
normal death of skin cells
macule
flat, circumscribed area; change in color; less than 1 cm
o Freckle, flat nevi, measles
papule
elevated, firm, circumscribed area; less than 1 cm
o Wart, elevated mole, lichen planus
patch
flat, non-palpable, irregular shaped; greater than 1cm
o Vitilgo, port-wine spots, Mongolian spots, café au lait patch
plaque
elevated, firm, and rough; greater than 1cm
o Psoriasis, seborrheic, and actinic keratosis
wheal
elevated, irregular shape area of cutaneous edema
o Insect bites, urticarial, allergic reaction
nodule
elevated, firm, circumscribed; deeper in dermis than papule; 1-2 cm in diameter
o Erythema nodosum, lipoma
tumor
elevated and solid; may or may not be clearly demarcated; deeper in dermis; greater than 2am diameter
o Neoplasm, benign tumor, lipoma
vesicle
elevated, circumscribed, superficial; not into dermis; filled with serous fluid; less than 1cm o Varicella (chickenpox), herpes zoster, shingles
bulla
vesicle greater than 1cm
o Blister, pemphigus vulgaris
pustule
elevated, superficial; similar to vesicle but filled with purulent fluid
o Acne, impetigo
cyst
elevated, circumscribed, encapsulated; in dermis or subcutaneous; filled with liquid or semisolid material
o Sebaceous cyst, cystic acne
scale
heaped up, keratinized cells, flaky skin, irregular, thick or thin; dry or oily; vary in size
o Flaking of skin with seborrheic dermatitis or following drug reaction; dry skin
- secondary
lichenification
rough, thickened epidermis secondary to persistent rubbing, itching; on flexor surface of skin
o Chromic dermatitis
- secondary
keloid
irregular shape, elevated, progressively enlarging scar; caused by excessive collagen formation during healing
- secondary
scar
think to thick fibrous tissue that replaces normal skin following injury or laceration to dermis
o Healed wound or surgical incision
- secondary
excoriation
loss of epidermis, linear, hollowed out, crusted
o Abrasion or scratch; scabies
- secondary
fissure
linear cracks or breaks from epidermis to dermis; moist or dry
o Athlete’s foot, cracks at corner of mouth
- secondary
erosion
loss of part of epidermis; depressed, moist, glistening; follows rupture of vesivle or bulla
o Varicella, variola after rupture
- secondary
ulcer
loss of epidermis and dermis; concave; varies in size
o Decubiti, stasis ulcers
- secondary
crust
dried serum, blood, purulent exudates; slightly elevated; sizes vary
o Scab on abrasion, eczema
- secondary
atrophy
thinning of skin surface and loss of skin markings; skin translucent and paper-like
o Striae, aged skin
- secondary
alopecia
hair loss
hirsutism
growth of terminal hair in male distribution pattern on face, body and public area of women
habit-tic deformity
transverse groove in thumb nail from picking at it with index finger
clubbing
angle of nail base approached 180 or above (flat)
- Associated with variety of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, cirrhosis, colitis, and thyroid disease
schamroth technique
patient places together nail (dorsal) surfaces of thumbs from rt and lt hands
• Clubbed: diamond-shaped window disappears
splinter hemorrhage
longitudinal red or brown streaks
• Endocarditis, vaculitis, severe psoriasis, result of minor injury to proximal nail fold
leukonychia punctate
white spots on nail plate (common finding)
• Results from cuticle manipulation or other mild trauma to nail matrix
• Different from white streaks or bands (systemic disorder indicators)
anonychia
complete nail absence
• Congenital
acrocyanosis
cyanosis of hands and feet
cutis marmorata
transient mottling when infant is exposed to decreased temp (web of think red lines)
erythema toxicum
pink popular rash with vesicles superimposed on thorax, back, buttocks, and abdomen; may appear 24-48 hours after birth and resolve in several days
mongolian spots
irregular areas of deep blue pigmentation, usually in sacral and gluteal areas; predominantly seen in African, Native American, Asian, and Latin descents
o Mistaken for bruises
salmon patches (stork bites)
flat, deep pink, localized areas usually seen on mid forehead, eyelids, upper lip, and back of neck
o Typically go away in 5-10 yrs
vernix caseosa
whitish, moist, cheese-like substance covering infants
milia
small, whitish, discrete paules on face, commonly found in first 2-3 moths
o Result of immature sebaceous glands; sebum plugs
sebaceous hyperplasia
numerous tiny, yellow macules and papules of forehead, cheeks, nose, and chin of full term infants
o Likely due to androgen stimulation of mother; disappears in 1-2 months
Dennis-morgan fold
extra crease of skin below eye; caused by excessive rubbing
o Atopic dermatitis
causes of bald spots
- tinea capitis - ring worm of scalp
o alopecia areata – hair falls out in round patches
o trichotillomania - compulsive hair pulling
o sleeping on back – can cause alopecia from pressure on occiput
solar lentigines
age spots
seborrheic keratosis
lg raised, pigmented lesions (non malignant)
actinic keratosis
red, scaly plaque on sun-exposed areas (precancerous)
melanoma
can be genetic and from skin tone / habits (vs. basal cell - not genetic)
faun tail nevus
tuft of hair overlying spinal column at birth
o Spinal bifida occulta
epidermal verrucous
warty lesions in linear or whorled pattern
o Skeletal, CNS, ocular abnormalities
cafe au lait macules
flat, evenly-pigmented spots (greater than 5mm); light brown to black
o Neurofibromatosis, pulmonary stenosis, temporal lobe dysrhythmia, tuberous stenosis (if 6 or more of 5mmor greater diameter; less may be non-pathologic)
ash leaf macule
white macules on trunk, face, or limbs
o Tuberous sclerosis
facial port wine stain
o Ocular defects (glaucoma); cerebral cortex atrophy and calcification
o Accompanied by angiomatous malformation of meninges = Sturge-Kalischer-Weber syndrome
port wine stain of limb or trunk
o Accompanied by varicosities and hypertrophy of underlying tissue, possible orthopedic problems (Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome)
supernumerary nipples
: congenital accessory nipples along mammary ridge
o Renal abnormalities
“hair collar” sign
ring of long, dark, course hair surrounding midline scalp nodule
o Neural tube closure defects of the scalp
basal cell carcinoma
crusty sore that does not heal
sublungual hematoma
black nails due to blood underneath; painful
lyme disease
ticks cause; red rash in bulls eye shape (erythema migrants)
ring worm
fungal infection causing circular lesions
Wood’s lamp
use to shine on skin in darkened room to view fluorescing, hypo or hyper pigmented lesions
