Heart

Question 1

systole

Answer 1

part of cardiac cycle when heart contracts (ventricles), forcing blood into systemic and pulmonic circulation

Question 2

diastole

Answer 2

time between 2 contractions when heart relaxes, allowing chamber to fill with blood

ventricular dilation and contraction of the atria draws blood into ventricles from the atria

Question 3

cardiac cycle

Answer 3

• Systole
  Ventricles contract, raise pressure
  Mitral and tricuspid valves close (S1 - 1st heart sound)
  Pressure continues to rise
  Aortic and pulmonic valves open
  Blood ejected into arteries
• Systole - continued
  Pressure falls
  Aortic and pulmonic valves close (S2 - 2nd heart sound)
  Mitral and tricuspid valves open
  Blood moves from atria to ventricles (S3 - 3rd heart sound)
• Diastole
  Atria contract as ventricles almost filled
  Causes complete emptying of atria (S4 - 4th heart sound)
  Cycle repeats
  Cycle slightly slower on right side of heart

Question 4

ECG (EKG)

Answer 4

tells only about electrical activity of heart (nothing about blood flow or other heart health)

Question 5

apical impulse

Answer 5

lt 5th intercostal space; mid-clavicular (4th space, medial to nipple in kids)

strongest beat

PMI: palpation of apical impulse (1 cm in diameter)

Question 6

precordial palpation

Answer 6

use palms or ulnar side of hand; assess for apical pulse or thrill / vibration

Question 7

normal heart rate

Answer 7

60-100: adults

120-170 newborn

Question 8

normal respiratory rate

Answer 8

12-20: adults

40-60: children

Question 9

splitting of heart sounds

Answer 9

closure of valves at different times;l most common with S2 (aortic and pulmonary valves; best heard at pulmonic site)

increases with inspiration; go away with held expiration

Question 10

describing heart murmurs

Answer 10

timing (which part of cycle)
duration (how long)
pitch (high, med, low)
intensity (1-6
 - can palpate 4-6
location
also; pattern, quality, radiation

Question 11

signs of heart failure

Answer 11

crackles in lungs, palpation of enlarged liver, peripheral edema

Question 12

ventricle heave or thrill

Answer 12

detected on palpation of heart

thrill - rt or lt 2nd intercostal

Question 13

S1 cardiac sound

Answer 13

best heard at heart apex; lower pitch (“lubb”); with bell; bit longer

Question 14

S2 cardiac sound

Answer 14

best heard at aortic and pulmonic areas, higher pitch, with diaphragm; bit shorter

Question 15

S3 cardiac sound

Answer 15

early passive flow of blood from atria to ventricles (diastole); right after S2; low pitched; caused by distention of ventricular walls; best heard in lateral recumbent

Question 16

S4 cardia sound

Answer 16

end of diastole; right before S1; final atrial ejection of blood to ventricles to empty artria; caused by vibration in valves, papillae and ventricular walls

Question 17

pericardial friction rub

Answer 17

inflammation of pericardial sac; rubbing of parietal and visceral layers; occurs throughout heart cycle

Question 18

heart murmurs

Answer 18

extra heart sounds during systole or diastole; occur from stenosis of valves or regurgitation of blood

Question 19

still murmurs v. benign murmurs

Answer 19

still: no apparent cause
benign: non-sever structural anomaly

Question 20

holosystolic murmur

Answer 20

heard with mitral regurgitation; one indication of structural heart defect

Question 21

sinus arrhythmia

Answer 21

cyclic variation of the heart rate characterized by an increasing rate on inspiration and decreasing rate on expiration

irregular repeated rhythm

Question 22

irregular, unpredictable heart rhythm

Answer 22

may indicate heart disease or conduction system impairment (e.g. atrial fibrillation)