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Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology for Complementary Therapies > Skin, Hair and Nails > Flashcards

Skin, Hair and Nails Flashcards

1
Q

*

State functions of skin

A
  • Protection: Guards against physical, chemical, and microbial damage.
  • Sensation: Detects touch, pressure, temperature, and pain.
  • Regulation: Controls body temperature through sweat production and blood vessel dilation.
  • Excretion: Eliminates waste products through sweat.
  • Immunity: Contains immune cells to defend against pathogens.
  • Vitamin D synthesis: Converts sunlight into vitamin D for calcium absorption.
  • Barrier function: Prevents water loss and regulates hydration.
  • Wound healing: Repairs and regenerates damaged tissue.
  • Melanin Production
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2
Q

State function of Hair

A
  • Heat regulation
  • protection
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3
Q

State function of Nails

A
  • Protection
  • Manual dexterity
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4
Q

List process of skin growth cycle

A

Growth cycle:
1. Cell formation
2. Keratinisation
3. Desquamation
4. Healing

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5
Q

Describe the Cell Formation

A

New skin cells are produced in the basal layer of the epidermis.

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6
Q

Describe Keratisation

A

Skin cells move upwards, becoming filled with keratin, a protein that provides strength.

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7
Q

Describe Desquamation

A

Dead skin cells shed from the surface of the skin.

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8
Q

Describe how skin heals

A

When the skin is injured, new cells migrate to the wound site, and the wound closes through a process of cell proliferation and tissue regeneration.

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9
Q

Characteristics of dry skin

A
  • Lacks moisture and tends to feel tight or flaky.
  • Dull, rough, and may have fine lines or cracks.
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10
Q

Characteristics of oily skin

A

Produces excess sebum, leading to a shiny appearance and susceptibility to acne.
Greasy or shiny, with enlarged pores and prone to breakouts.

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11
Q

Characteristics of Combination Skin

A

Mix of dry and oily areas on the face, such as an oily T-zone and dry cheeks.
Areas may be oily with enlarged pores, while others are dry or normal.

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12
Q

Cause of Scabies

A

Infestation with the Sarcoptes scabiei mite.

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13
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Scabies

A
  • Intense itching, especially at night;
  • small red bumps or burrow tracks on the skin, often in between fingers, wrists, elbows, or waistline.
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14
Q

Cause of Pediculosis Corporis (Body Lice)

A

infestation with body lice (Pediculus humanus corporis)

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15
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Pediculosis Corporis (Body Lice)

A

itching, red bumps or sores, especially in areas where clothing is tight, such as waistbands and armpits.

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16
Q

Cause of Impetigo

A

Bacterial infection, commonly by Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes.

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17
Q

Signs and Symptoms of impetigo

A

Red sores or blisters that rupture and ooze honey-colored crusts; itching and discomfort.

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18
Q

Causes of Boils

A

Bacterial infection of hair follicles, often by Staphylococcus aureus.

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19
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Boils

A

Painful, red, swollen lumps filled with pus (abscesses); may develop into larger nodules or carbuncles.

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20
Q

Causes of Folliculitis

A

Infection or inflammation of hair follicles, often due to bacteria, fungi, or irritation.

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21
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Folliculitis

A

Red bumps or pustules around hair follicles; itching, tenderness, or discomfort.

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21
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Acne Keloidalis Nuchae (AKN)

A

Firm, raised, keloid-like bumps on the back of the neck; may be itchy or tender.

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21
Q

Causes of Acne Keloidalis Nuchae (AKN)

A

Chronic inflammatory condition involving hair follicles, often triggered by ingrown hairs or shaving.

21
Q

Causes of Herpes Zoster (Shingles)

A

Reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus (VZV), which causes chickenpox

21
Signs and Symptoms of Herpes Zoster
Painful rash with fluid-filled blisters in a band-like pattern on one side of the body; preceded by burning or shooting pain.
22
What are the three phases of the hair growth cycle?
Anagen, catagen, and telogen.
23
Describe the anagen phase of the hair growth cycle
active growth phase where hair follicles produce new hair cells. It can last for several years.
24
What happens during the catagen phase of the hair growth cycle
transitional phase where hair follicles shrink and detach from the dermal papilla. It lasts for a few weeks.
25
What characterizes the telogen phase of the hair growth cycle?
resting phase where hair follicles are dormant, and hair growth temporarily stops. It lasts for a few months before hair shedding occurs.
26
What are congenital factors affecting hair growth?
Genetic influences inherited from parents that determine hair thickness, texture, and growth patterns.
27
How do hormonal factors affect hair growth?
Hormonal imbalances, such as androgenetic alopecia or hormonal fluctuations during pregnancy, can impact overall health and hair growth.
28
What are topical factors affecting hair growth?
include the use of hair care products, styling tools, or chemical treatments that may damage hair follicles or affect hair growth.
29
Describe systemic factors affecting hair growth
Systemic factors encompass underlying medical conditions like thyroid disorders or autoimmune diseases that can impact overall health and hair growth.
30
What are non-systemic factors affecting hair growth?
Non-systemic factors are localized issues such as scalp infections, injuries, or inflammation that affect hair follicles.
31
How can medication affect hair growth?
Certain medications, including chemotherapy drugs, anticoagulants, or hormonal therapies, may cause hair loss or affect hair growth as a side effect.
32
Causes of Alopecia
Genetic predisposition, hormonal imbalances, autoimmune conditions, or medical treatments.
33
Signs and Symptoms of Alopecia
Hair loss or thinning, bald patches, receding hairline, or complete baldness.
34
Causes of Hypertrichosis
Excessive hair growth, either congenital or acquired, due to hormonal imbalances, medications, or genetic factors.
35
Signs and Symptoms of Hypertrichosis
Excessive hair growth on areas not typically covered by terminal hair, such as the face or body.
36
Cause of Hypotrichosis
Congenital or acquired condition characterised by sparse or reduced hair growth.
37
Signs and Symptoms of Hypotrichosis
Thinning or absence of hair, patchy hair loss, or decreased hair density.
38
Cause of Loose Anagen Syndrome
Disorder of hair anchorage, leading to easily pluckable or shedding hair during the anagen phase.
39
Signs and Symptoms of Loose Anagen Syndrome
Sparse, thin, or easily detachable hair that fails to grow to its full length.
40
Causes of Trichotillomania and its Signs and Symptoms:
* Impulse control disorder characterized by recurrent hair pulling, leading to hair loss and scalp damage. * Patchy hair loss, broken or uneven hair shafts, and noticeable hair pulling behaviours.
41
What are the stages of the nail growth cycle
nail growth cycle include: 1. nail formation in the matrix 2. nail plate formation 3. keratinization.
42
Describe nail formation in the matrix
nail formation in the matrix occurs at the base of the nail where new nail cells are produced and added to the nail plate.
43
What happens during nail plate formation?
Nail plate formation involves the accumulation of nail cells, which gradually harden to form the visible nail.
44
What is keratinization in the context of nail growth?
Keratinization is the process where nail cells become filled with keratin, a tough protein that provides strength and protection to the nails.
45
Describe Anhidrosis
inability to sweat due to dysfunction of sweat glands, nerve damage, or certain medical conditions. Causes Lack of sweating, heat intolerance, dry skin, and risk of overheating.
46
Describe Bromhidrosis/Osmidrosis
Excessive or malodorous sweating due to bacterial breakdown of sweat. causes strong, unpleasant body odour, even after bathing or using deodor
47
Describe Anhidrosis
Inability to sweat due to dysfunction of sweat glands, nerve damage, or certain medical conditions. Signs include Lack of sweating, heat intolerance, dry skin, and risk of overheating.
48
Causes, signs and symptom of Hang Nail
Caused by Trauma or injury to the cuticle, leading to inflammation and splitting of the skin. Signs and Symptoms: Pain, redness, and swelling around the nail fold; hanging or detached skin.
49
Causes, signs and symptoms Leukonychia
Causes Trauma, nutritional deficiencies, or systemic illnesses. Signs and Symptoms: White spots or lines on the nails, which may indicate underlying health issues.
50
Causes, signs and symptoms Onychorrhexis
Cause: Brittle nails due to dehydration, trauma, or underlying health conditions. Signs and Symptoms: Splitting, ridges, or weakness of the nails, leading to breakage or flaking.
51
Causes, signs and symptoms of Onycholysis
Cause: Separation of the nail plate from the nail bed, often due to trauma, fungal infections, or psoriasis. Signs and Symptoms: White or yellow discoloration of the nail, pain, and loosening or detachment of the nail from the bed.
52
Cause, signs and symptoms of Paronychia
Bacterial or fungal infection of the nail fold, often due to trauma, nail biting, or exposure to moisture. Signs and Symptoms: Redness, swelling, and pain around the nail fold, with possible pus or discharge.
53

Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology for Complementary Therapies (2 decks)

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