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Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology for Complementary Therapies > Skin, Hair and Nails > Flashcards

Skin, Hair and Nails Flashcards

1
Q

*

State functions of skin

A
  • Protection: Guards against physical, chemical, and microbial damage.
  • Sensation: Detects touch, pressure, temperature, and pain.
  • Regulation: Controls body temperature through sweat production and blood vessel dilation.
  • Excretion: Eliminates waste products through sweat.
  • Immunity: Contains immune cells to defend against pathogens.
  • Vitamin D synthesis: Converts sunlight into vitamin D for calcium absorption.
  • Barrier function: Prevents water loss and regulates hydration.
  • Wound healing: Repairs and regenerates damaged tissue.
  • Melanin Production
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2
Q

State function of Hair

A
  • Heat regulation
  • protection
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3
Q

State function of Nails

A
  • Protection
  • Manual dexterity
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4
Q

List process of skin growth cycle

A

Growth cycle:
1. Cell formation
2. Keratinisation
3. Desquamation
4. Healing

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5
Q

Describe the Cell Formation

A

New skin cells are produced in the basal layer of the epidermis.

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6
Q

Describe Keratisation

A

Skin cells move upwards, becoming filled with keratin, a protein that provides strength.

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7
Q

Describe Desquamation

A

Dead skin cells shed from the surface of the skin.

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8
Q

Describe how skin heals

A

When the skin is injured, new cells migrate to the wound site, and the wound closes through a process of cell proliferation and tissue regeneration.

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9
Q

Characteristics of dry skin

A
  • Lacks moisture and tends to feel tight or flaky.
  • Dull, rough, and may have fine lines or cracks.
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10
Q

Characteristics of oily skin

A

Produces excess sebum, leading to a shiny appearance and susceptibility to acne.
Greasy or shiny, with enlarged pores and prone to breakouts.

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11
Q

Characteristics of Combination Skin

A

Mix of dry and oily areas on the face, such as an oily T-zone and dry cheeks.
Areas may be oily with enlarged pores, while others are dry or normal.

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12
Q

Cause of Scabies

A

Infestation with the Sarcoptes scabiei mite.

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13
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Scabies

A
  • Intense itching, especially at night;
  • small red bumps or burrow tracks on the skin, often in between fingers, wrists, elbows, or waistline.
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14
Q

Cause of Pediculosis Corporis (Body Lice)

A

infestation with body lice (Pediculus humanus corporis)

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15
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Pediculosis Corporis (Body Lice)

A

itching, red bumps or sores, especially in areas where clothing is tight, such as waistbands and armpits.

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16
Q

Cause of Impetigo

A

Bacterial infection, commonly by Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes.

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17
Q

Signs and Symptoms of impetigo

A

Red sores or blisters that rupture and ooze honey-colored crusts; itching and discomfort.

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18
Q

Causes of Boils

A

Bacterial infection of hair follicles, often by Staphylococcus aureus.

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19
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Boils

A

Painful, red, swollen lumps filled with pus (abscesses); may develop into larger nodules or carbuncles.

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20
Q

Causes of Folliculitis

A

Infection or inflammation of hair follicles, often due to bacteria, fungi, or irritation.

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21
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Folliculitis

A

Red bumps or pustules around hair follicles; itching, tenderness, or discomfort.

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21
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Acne Keloidalis Nuchae (AKN)

A

Firm, raised, keloid-like bumps on the back of the neck; may be itchy or tender.

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21
Q

Causes of Acne Keloidalis Nuchae (AKN)

A

Chronic inflammatory condition involving hair follicles, often triggered by ingrown hairs or shaving.

21
Q

Causes of Herpes Zoster (Shingles)

A

Reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus (VZV), which causes chickenpox

21
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Herpes Zoster

A

Painful rash with fluid-filled blisters in a band-like pattern on one side of the body; preceded by burning or shooting pain.

22
Q

What are the three phases of the hair growth cycle?

A

Anagen, catagen, and telogen.

23
Q

Describe the anagen phase of the hair growth cycle

A

active growth phase where hair follicles produce new hair cells. It can last for several years.

24
Q

What happens during the catagen phase of the hair growth cycle

A

transitional phase where hair follicles shrink and detach from the dermal papilla. It lasts for a few weeks.

25
Q

What characterizes the telogen phase of the hair growth cycle?

A

resting phase where hair follicles are dormant, and hair growth temporarily stops. It lasts for a few months before hair shedding occurs.

26
Q

What are congenital factors affecting hair growth?

A

Genetic influences inherited from parents that determine hair thickness, texture, and growth patterns.

27
Q

How do hormonal factors affect hair growth?

A

Hormonal imbalances, such as androgenetic alopecia or hormonal fluctuations during pregnancy, can impact overall health and hair growth.

28
Q

What are topical factors affecting hair growth?

A

include the use of hair care products, styling tools, or chemical treatments that may damage hair follicles or affect hair growth.

29
Q

Describe systemic factors affecting hair growth

A

Systemic factors encompass underlying medical conditions like thyroid disorders or autoimmune diseases that can impact overall health and hair growth.

30
Q

What are non-systemic factors affecting hair growth?

A

Non-systemic factors are localized issues such as scalp infections, injuries, or inflammation that affect hair follicles.

31
Q

How can medication affect hair growth?

A

Certain medications, including chemotherapy drugs, anticoagulants, or hormonal therapies, may cause hair loss or affect hair growth as a side effect.

32
Q

Causes of Alopecia

A

Genetic predisposition, hormonal imbalances, autoimmune conditions, or medical treatments.

33
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Alopecia

A

Hair loss or thinning, bald patches, receding hairline, or complete baldness.

34
Q

Causes of Hypertrichosis

A

Excessive hair growth, either congenital or acquired, due to hormonal imbalances, medications, or genetic factors.

35
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Hypertrichosis

A

Excessive hair growth on areas not typically covered by terminal hair, such as the face or body.

36
Q

Cause of Hypotrichosis

A

Congenital or acquired condition characterised by sparse or reduced hair growth.

37
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Hypotrichosis

A

Thinning or absence of hair, patchy hair loss, or decreased hair density.

38
Q

Cause of Loose Anagen Syndrome

A

Disorder of hair anchorage, leading to easily pluckable or shedding hair during the anagen phase.

39
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Loose Anagen Syndrome

A

Sparse, thin, or easily detachable hair that fails to grow to its full length.

40
Q

Causes of Trichotillomania and its Signs and Symptoms:

A
  • Impulse control disorder characterized by recurrent hair pulling, leading to hair loss and scalp damage.
  • Patchy hair loss, broken or uneven hair shafts, and noticeable hair pulling behaviours.
41
Q

What are the stages of the nail growth cycle

A

nail growth cycle include:
1. nail formation in the matrix
2. nail plate formation
3. keratinization.

42
Q

Describe nail formation in the matrix

A

nail formation in the matrix occurs at the base of the nail where new nail cells are produced and added to the nail plate.

43
Q

What happens during nail plate formation?

A

Nail plate formation involves the accumulation of nail cells, which gradually harden to form the visible nail.

44
Q

What is keratinization in the context of nail growth?

A

Keratinization is the process where nail cells become filled with keratin, a tough protein that provides strength and protection to the nails.

45
Q

Describe Anhidrosis

A

inability to sweat due to dysfunction of sweat glands, nerve damage, or certain medical conditions. Causes Lack of sweating, heat intolerance, dry skin, and risk of overheating.

46
Q

Describe Bromhidrosis/Osmidrosis

A

Excessive or malodorous sweating due to bacterial breakdown of sweat. causes strong, unpleasant body odour, even after bathing or using deodor

47
Q

Describe Anhidrosis

A

Inability to sweat due to dysfunction of sweat glands, nerve damage, or certain medical conditions.
Signs include Lack of sweating, heat intolerance, dry skin, and risk of overheating.

48
Q

Causes, signs and symptom of Hang Nail

A

Caused by Trauma or injury to the cuticle, leading to inflammation and splitting of the skin.
Signs and Symptoms: Pain, redness, and swelling around the nail fold; hanging or detached skin.

49
Q

Causes, signs and symptoms Leukonychia

A

Causes Trauma, nutritional deficiencies, or systemic illnesses.
Signs and Symptoms: White spots or lines on the nails, which may indicate underlying health issues.

50
Q

Causes, signs and symptoms Onychorrhexis

A

Cause: Brittle nails due to dehydration, trauma, or underlying health conditions.
Signs and Symptoms: Splitting, ridges, or weakness of the nails, leading to breakage or flaking.

51
Q

Causes, signs and symptoms of Onycholysis

A

Cause: Separation of the nail plate from the nail bed, often due to trauma, fungal infections, or psoriasis.
Signs and Symptoms: White or yellow discoloration of the nail, pain, and loosening or detachment of the nail from the bed.

52
Q

Cause, signs and symptoms of Paronychia

A

Bacterial or fungal infection of the nail fold, often due to trauma, nail biting, or exposure to moisture.
Signs and Symptoms: Redness, swelling, and pain around the nail fold, with possible pus or discharge.

53
Q
A

Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology for Complementary Therapies (2 decks)

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