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Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology for Complementary Therapies > Organisation of the Body > Flashcards

Organisation of the Body Flashcards

1
Q

Define simple chemicals and give examples.

A

Simple chemicals are basic substances composed of only one type of atom or molecule.
Examples include oxygen and carbon dioxide.

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2
Q

What are nutrient chemicals and provide examples?

A

Nutrient chemicals are substances essential for the nourishment and maintenance of the body. Examples include carbohydrates, lipids (fats), proteins, vitamins, minerals, fibre, and water.

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3
Q

Define complex chemicals and give examples

A

Complex chemicals are compounds formed by the combination of different atoms or molecules. Examples include adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).

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4
Q

Explain the organisation of the body from cells to organisms

A

The body is organised into cells, tissues, organs, systems, and organisms, where cells are the basic structural and functional units, tissues are groups of similar cells performing a specific function, organs are composed of different tissues working together, systems are groups of organs that work together to perform complex functions, and organisms are complete living entities.

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5
Q

Define epithelial tissue and mention its functions

A

Epithelial tissue serves as a protective barrier and may also have secretory functions. It is found covering body surfaces, lining body cavities, and forming glands.

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6
Q

Describe the types of simple epithelial tissue and give examples

A

Simple epithelial tissue includes
1. squamous (e.g. lining of blood vessels)
2. cuboidal (e.g. kidney tubules)
3. columnar (e.g. lining of the digestive tract)

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7
Q

Explain the types of stratified epithelial tissue and provide examples

A

Stratified epithelial tissue includes:
* keratinised (e.g. epidermis of the skin)
* non-keratinised (e.g. lining of the oral cavity)
* transitional (e.g. urinary bladder) epithelium.

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8
Q

Define connective tissue

A

Connective tissue supports, connects, and protects other tissues and organs

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9
Q

Name types of connective tissues and give examples

A

Types include:
* fibrous (e.g. tendons)
* elastic (e.g. arteries)
* areolar (e.g. beneath the skin)
* adipose (e.g. fat tissue)
* lymphoid (e.g. lymph nodes)
* cartilage & bone
* blood (leucocytes, erythrocytes, thrombocytes, plasma)

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10
Q

Describe muscular tissue

A

Muscular tissue is responsible for movement.

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11
Q

Name types of Muscular tissue and give examples

A

Types include:
* skeletal (voluntary)
* smooth (involuntary)
* cardiac (found in the heart)
* muscle tissue

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12
Q

Explain nervous tissue and its components

A

Nervous tissue consists of neurons (nerve cells) and supporting cells (neuroglia) and is involved in transmitting and processing nerve impulses.

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13
Q

Name the types of membranes in the body

A

Membranes include:
*** serous
* mucous
* synovial **

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14
Q

Define membranes

A

Define membranes and mention their types.

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15
Q

Define and locate the abdominal region.

A

The abdominal region pertains to the area between the thorax and pelvis, surrounding the abdomen.

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16
Q

Describe the axillary region and its location

A

The axillary region is located under the arm, in the armpit area

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17
Q

Explain the brachial region and where it is located

A

The brachial region refers to the arm, extending from the shoulder to the elbow.

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18
Q

What is the buccal region and where is it located?

A

Cheek (face)

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19
Q

Calcaneal region

A

Heel of the foot

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20
Q

Describe the carpal region and where it is located

A

The carpal region refers to the wrist, connecting the hand to the forearm.

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21
Q

Explain the cephalic region and its position.

A

The cephalic region pertains to the head, including the skull and face.

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22
Q

What is the cervical region?

A

The cervical region is the neck area.

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23
Q

Describe the costal region

A

Ribs

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24
Q

Cranial region

A

Skull

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25
Q

What is the crural region?

A

The crural region is the lower leg area.

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26
Q

Describe the cubital region

A

Elbow

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27
Q

Explain the cutaneous region.

A

Skin

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28
Q

What is the femoral region?

A

Thigh

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29
Q

Describe the forearm region

A

The forearm region is between the elbow and wrist.

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30
Q

Explain the frontal region

A

Forehead

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31
Q

What is the gluteal region?

A

Buttocks area

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32
Q

Describe the groin region

A

The groin region is the area where the thigh meets the trunk.

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33
Q

Explain the inguinal region

A

The inguinal region is the groin area.

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34
Q

What is the lumbar region?

A

Lower back

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35
Q

Describe the mammary region

A

The mammary region is the breast area.

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36
Q

Explain the ophthalmic region.

A

Eye area

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37
Q

What is the orbital region?

A

The orbital region is the eye socket area.

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38
Q

Describe the palmar region.

A

Palm of hand

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39
Q

Explain the parietal region.

A

The parietal region is the top of the head

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40
Q

What is the patellar region?

A

Kneecap

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41
Q

Describe the pectoral region.

A

Chest area

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42
Q

Explain the pedal region

A

Foot

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43
Q

What is the pelvic region?

A

The pelvic region is the area between the abdomen and thighs

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44
Q

Describe the perineal region

A

The perineal region is the area between the anus and external genitalia

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45
Q

Explain the pericardial region

A

area around the heart.

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45
Q

What is the plantar region?

A

sole of the foot

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46
Q

Describe the popliteal region.

A

area behind the knee.

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47
Q

Explain the sacral region

A

The sacral region is the area between the hips.

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48
Q

What is the tarsal region?

A

Ankle area

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49
Q

Describe the thoracic region

A

Chest area

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50
Q

Explain the umbilical region.

A

navel area

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51
Q

What is the visceral region?

A

The visceral region is the internal organs area.

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52
Q

What does ‘superior’ mean?

A

Superior means above or higher in position.

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53
Q

What is an example of ‘inferior’?

A

Inferior means below or lower in position.

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54
Q

Define ‘medial’.

A

Medial means towards the midline of the body

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55
Q

What does ‘lateral’ mean?

A

away from the midline of the body.

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56
Q

Define ‘superficial’

A

Superficial means closer to the surface of the body.

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57
Q

What does ‘deep’ mean?

A

further from the surface of the body.

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58
Q

Define ‘anterior’

A

towards the front of the body.

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59
Q

What is an example of ‘posterior’?

A

towards the back of the body.

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60
Q

Define ‘proximal’

A

nearer to the point of attachment or origin.

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61
Q

Define ‘distal’

A

further from the point of attachment or origin.

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62
Q

Define acute pathology

A

Diseases or conditions that develop rapidly and often have severe symptoms but are short-lived.

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63
Q

Describe chronic pathology

A

Diseases or conditions that persist over a long period, often for a lifetime, and may have a slow progression.

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64
Q

What are examples of viral pathologies?

A

Viral pathologies are diseases caused by viruses, such as influenza, HIV/AIDS, and COVID-19.

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65
Q

Explain bacterial pathologies

A

Diseases caused by bacteria, such as tuberculosis, pneumonia, and strep throat.

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66
Q

Define fungal pathologies

A

Diseases caused by fungi, such as athlete’s foot, ringworm, and candidiasis.

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67
Q

What are infestation pathologies?

A

Conditions caused by the invasion of parasites, such as scabies, lice, and worms.

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68
Q

Describe congenital pathologies.

A

Congenital pathologies are conditions present at birth, often due to genetic factors or prenatal influences, such as congenital heart defects and cleft palate.

69
Q

Explain hormonal pathologies

A

Hormonal pathologies are diseases or disorders related to hormonal imbalances, such as diabetes mellitus, thyroid disorders, and adrenal insufficiency

70
Q

What are allergic pathologies?

A

Conditions caused by hypersensitivity reactions to allergens, such as allergic rhinitis, asthma, and eczema.

71
Q

Define lifestyle-related pathologies

A

Diseases or conditions influenced by lifestyle choices, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases.

72
Q

Describe environmental pathologies

A

Environmental pathologies are diseases or conditions caused by exposure to environmental factors, such as air pollution, radiation exposure, and chemical toxins.

73
Q

What is the process of mitosis?

A

Mitosis is the process of cell division consisting of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and interphase.

74
Q

Describe Prophase

A
  • DNA condenses into visible chromosomes.
  • Nuclear membrane dissolves.
  • Spindle fibres form and attach to the chromosomes.
75
Q

Describe Metaphase

A
  • Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell along the metaphase plate.
  • Spindle fibres fully attach to the centromeres of each chromosome.
76
Q

Describe Anaphase

A
  • Sister chromatids separate and are pulled towards opposite ends of the cell.
  • Spindle fibres shorten, pulling chromatids apart.
77
Q

Describe Telophase

A
  • Chromatids reach opposite ends of the cell.
  • New nuclear membranes form around each set of chromosomes.
  • Chromosomes begin to uncoil back into chromatin.
78
Q

Describe Interphase

A
  • Cell prepares for division.
  • DNA replicates to prepare for the next round of cell division.
  • Cell grows and carries out its normal functions.
79
Q

What are the components of a cell?

A

Components include:
* cell membrane
* nucleus
* nucleolus
* cytoplasm
* vacuole
* vesicles
* centrioles
* centrosome
* organelles (such as Golgi apparatus, lysosome, ribosome, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum).

80
Q

Name types process of transport across the cell membrane

A
  • diffusion
  • osmosis
  • facilitated diffusion
  • active transport
  • dissolution
  • filtration
  • phagocytosis
  • pinocytosis
81
Q

Diffusion

A

Substances move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration until equilibrium is reached.

82
Q

Osmosis

A

Water molecules move across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration.

83
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

Specific molecules move across the cell membrane with the help of transport proteins, from high to low concentration.

84
Q

Active Transport

A

Energy is used to move molecules against their concentration gradient, from areas of low to high concentration, using carrier proteins.

85
Q

Dissolution

A

Solid particles dissolve in a solvent to form a solution.

86
Q

Filtration

A

Pressure forces fluid and solutes through a membrane, separating them from larger particles.

87
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Cell engulfs solid particles by extending its membrane around them, forming a vesicle called a phagosome.

88
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Cell takes in liquid droplets by forming small vesicles around them, bringing them into the cell.

89
Q

Liquids taken in Pinocytosis

A

Water, ions, small molecules, and even proteins or other macromolecules dissolved in the extracellular fluid.

90
Q
A
91
Q

Function of cell Membrane:

A

Controls what enters and exits the cell; maintains cell shape and structure.

92
Q

Function of Nucleus

A

Controls cell activities; contains genetic material (DNA).

93
Q

Function of Nucleolus

A

Produces ribosomes; involved in protein synthesis.

94
Q

Function of Cytoplasm

A

Jelly-like substance within the cell; supports organelles and cellular processes.

95
Q

Function of Vacuoles

A

Store and transport nutrients, waste products, and other substances.

96
Q

Function of Vesicles

A

Transport materials within the cell; may fuse with cell membrane for secretion.

97
Q

Function of Centrioles

A

Involved in cell division (mitosis and meiosis); organise microtubules.

98
Q

Function of Centrosome

A

Organises microtubules during cell division; involved in cell structure and movement.

99
Q

Function of Golgi Apparatus

A

Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for transport; involved in secretion.

100
Q

Function of Lysosome

A

Contains enzymes that break down waste materials and cellular debris.

101
Q

Function of Ribosome

A

Site of protein synthesis; translates mRNA into proteins.

102
Q

Function of Mitochondria

A

Powerhouse of the cell; produces energy (ATP) through cellular respiration.

103
Q

Function of Endoplasmic Reticulum:

A

Site of protein and lipid synthesis; rough ER has ribosomes attached, smooth ER does not.

104
Q

Role of organelles

A

Carry out specific functions within the cell; include structures like mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum.

105
Q

What are the right and left upper quadrants?
Answer:

A

The right upper quadrant and left upper quadrant are regions of the abdomen, divided by a horizontal line at the level of the umbilicus and a vertical line at the mid-clavicular line.

106
Q

Describe the right and left lower quadrants.

A

The right lower quadrant and left lower quadrant are regions of the abdomen, below the level of the umbilicus, and divided by a horizontal line at the level of the umbilicus and a vertical line at the mid-clavicular line.

107
Q

Frontal plane?

A

The frontal plane divides the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) portions.

108
Q

Transverse plane

A

The transverse plane divides the body into top (superior) and bottom (inferior) portions.

109
Q

What is the sagittal/longitudinal plane?

A

The sagittal/longitudinal plane divides the body into left and right portions.

110
Q

Oblique plane

A

The oblique plane divides the body at an angle between the Tranverse, frontal or saggital planes.

111
Q

Anatomy

A

Study of the structure the body

112
Q

Coronal Plane

A

Divides vertically (longtidually) into anterior and posterior

113
Q

Describe Essential Fatty Acids

A

CAN NOT BE SYNTHESISED BY THE BODY but. needed brain and nerve function

114
Q

Pariteal

A

Relating to inner walls of cavity

115
Q

Pathology

A

Study of dieases in body

116
Q

Physiology

A

Study of functions in body

117
Q

Quadrant

A

A reigon of abdominalpelvic cavity

118
Q

Name two body cavities

A
  1. Dorsal (back of body)
  2. Ventral (front of body)
119
Q

Name 2 cavities in Dorsal cavity

A
  1. Cranial Cavity
  2. Spinal cavity / CANAL
120
Q

*

Name cavities within ventral cavity

A
  1. Thoraic Cavity
  2. Abdominopelvic cavity containing Abdominal and Pelvic Cavity
121
Q

What does Thoraric Cavity contain

A
  • Trachea
  • 2 Bronchi
  • 2 lungs
  • heart
  • oesophagus
    protected by ribcage seprates the abdominal ca vity by diaphragm
122
Q

What does
Abdominal cavity contain

A
  • stomach
  • spleen
  • liver
  • gall bladder
  • small intestine
  • most of large intestine
    covered by serous membrane (PERITONEUM)
    protected by muscles of abdominal wall
123
Q

What does pelvic cavity contain

A
  • portion of large intestine
  • urinary bladder
  • reproductive organs
    Protected by pelvic bones
124
Q

Signs

A

can be detected someone next to you

125
Q

Symptoms

A

are felt by patient

126
Q

Define ‘Localised’

A

Specific organ or area affected

127
Q

Systemic

A

Whole body involved

128
Q

Molecules have which type of energy

A

Kinetic

129
Q

Aetiology

A

cause or orgin of disease

130
Q

Diagnosis

A

identification or process of naming diease

131
Q

Prognosis

A

opinion on how the disease will progress

132
Q

What is the most abundant element in the human body?

A

OXYGEN

133
Q

Name 4 major elements in body and percentage

A

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen
96%

134
Q

Name 9 lesser elements and percentage in body

A
  1. Calcium
  2. Phosphrous
  3. Potassium
  4. Sulphur
  5. Sodium
  6. Chlorine
  7. Magnesium
  8. Iodine
  9. Iron

3.9%

135
Q

Atoms

A

Smallest unit of matter that retain properties of that matter

136
Q

Elements

A

Substances mde up of only 1 type of atom

137
Q

Ion

A

-/+ charged atom

138
Q

Cation

A

Positively charged ion

139
Q

Anion

A

Negatively charged ion

140
Q

Compounds

A

Molecules containing atoms of two or different elements

141
Q

Describe Covalent Bonds

A

When 2 atoms share pairs of electrons and form molecules

142
Q

Describe Ionic Bonds

A

Electrons from 1 atom are fully transferred to the outer shell of another atom

143
Q

Describe Hydrogen Bonds

A

Hydrogen bonds form between other hydrogen atoms and other atoms because of oppositely attracted molcules.

144
Q

Which element is a major component of bones and teeth

A

Calcium

145
Q

What element is essential for the formation of haemoglobin in red blood cells

A

Iron

146
Q

Which element is a key component of DNA and RNA?

A

Phosphorus

147
Q

What element is crucial for nerve function and muscle contraction?

A

Potassium

148
Q

What element is crucial for nerve function and muscle contraction?

A

Potassium

149
Q

What element is a component of many enzymes and is involved in energy metabolism?

A

magnesium

150
Q

Which element is essential for proper nerve transmission and bone health?

A

Sodium

151
Q

What element plays a role in the regulation of fluid balance and muscle function?

A

Chlorine

152
Q

Which element is crucial for the synthesis of collagen and connective tissue?

A

Zinc

153
Q

Role of Vitamins

A

Organic compounds required in minute amounts help with functioning of body and help convert food to energy

154
Q

Name 2 types of vitamins

A
  1. Fat-soluable
  2. Water soluable
155
Q

Name fat soluble vitamins

A

Vitamin A,D,E,K

156
Q

How are fat soluable vitamins stored

A

In liver and fatty tissues

157
Q

name water soluable vitamins

A

Vitamin B & C

158
Q

Issues with. Water soluable vitamins

A

Not stored by body
Easily lost by excretion
Sensitive to effects of cooking/storage

159
Q

Role of minerals

A

Role in body growth, maintaince, form bones teeth hair nails

160
Q

Define Free Radicals

A

Highly unstable reactive molecules that damage cells and implicated many disease and aging

161
Q

Define Antioxidants

A

These are substances that combat or neutralise free radicals.

162
Q

Functions of water

A
  • Maintaining body temp
  • acting as a lubricant
  • providing cushioing
  • universal solvent
163
Q

Describe Cytokenesis

A

process in cell division whereby the cytoplasm of a parent cell is divided into two daughter cells. This occurs after the completion of mitosis or meiosis, ensuring that each daughter cell receives a portion of the cytoplasm along with its nucleus and other organelles.

164
Q

Characteristics of Epithetial tissue

A
  • cells fit closely together
  • arranged in continous sheets
  • have free surface exposed to body exterior or cavity
  • constantly regenerated
  • avascualar
    *
165
Q
A
166
Q

Cytology

A

Study of cells

167
Q

Hypoxia

A

Lack/defiency of oxyen in area

168
Q

Ischaemia

A

Reduced/inadequate blood supply to an area

169
Q

Maligant

A

Cells dividing abnormally, uncontrollably

170
Q

Somatic

A

Any cell except reproductive cells

Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology for Complementary Therapies (2 decks)

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