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Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology for Complementary Therapies > Organisation of the Body > Flashcards

Organisation of the Body Flashcards

1
Q

Define simple chemicals and give examples.

A

Simple chemicals are basic substances composed of only one type of atom or molecule.
Examples include oxygen and carbon dioxide.

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2
Q

What are nutrient chemicals and provide examples?

A

Nutrient chemicals are substances essential for the nourishment and maintenance of the body. Examples include carbohydrates, lipids (fats), proteins, vitamins, minerals, fibre, and water.

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3
Q

Define complex chemicals and give examples

A

Complex chemicals are compounds formed by the combination of different atoms or molecules. Examples include adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).

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4
Q

Explain the organisation of the body from cells to organisms

A

The body is organised into cells, tissues, organs, systems, and organisms, where cells are the basic structural and functional units, tissues are groups of similar cells performing a specific function, organs are composed of different tissues working together, systems are groups of organs that work together to perform complex functions, and organisms are complete living entities.

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5
Q

Define epithelial tissue and mention its functions

A

Epithelial tissue serves as a protective barrier and may also have secretory functions. It is found covering body surfaces, lining body cavities, and forming glands.

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6
Q

Describe the types of simple epithelial tissue and give examples

A

Simple epithelial tissue includes
1. squamous (e.g. lining of blood vessels)
2. cuboidal (e.g. kidney tubules)
3. columnar (e.g. lining of the digestive tract)

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7
Q

Explain the types of stratified epithelial tissue and provide examples

A

Stratified epithelial tissue includes:
* keratinised (e.g. epidermis of the skin)
* non-keratinised (e.g. lining of the oral cavity)
* transitional (e.g. urinary bladder) epithelium.

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8
Q

Define connective tissue

A

Connective tissue supports, connects, and protects other tissues and organs

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9
Q

Name types of connective tissues and give examples

A

Types include:
* fibrous (e.g. tendons)
* elastic (e.g. arteries)
* areolar (e.g. beneath the skin)
* adipose (e.g. fat tissue)
* lymphoid (e.g. lymph nodes)
* cartilage & bone
* blood (leucocytes, erythrocytes, thrombocytes, plasma)

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10
Q

Describe muscular tissue

A

Muscular tissue is responsible for movement.

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11
Q

Name types of Muscular tissue and give examples

A

Types include:
* skeletal (voluntary)
* smooth (involuntary)
* cardiac (found in the heart)
* muscle tissue

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12
Q

Explain nervous tissue and its components

A

Nervous tissue consists of neurons (nerve cells) and supporting cells (neuroglia) and is involved in transmitting and processing nerve impulses.

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13
Q

Name the types of membranes in the body

A

Membranes include:
*** serous
* mucous
* synovial **

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14
Q

Define membranes

A

Define membranes and mention their types.

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15
Q

Define and locate the abdominal region.

A

The abdominal region pertains to the area between the thorax and pelvis, surrounding the abdomen.

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16
Q

Describe the axillary region and its location

A

The axillary region is located under the arm, in the armpit area

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17
Q

Explain the brachial region and where it is located

A

The brachial region refers to the arm, extending from the shoulder to the elbow.

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18
Q

What is the buccal region and where is it located?

A

Cheek (face)

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19
Q

Calcaneal region

A

Heel of the foot

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20
Q

Describe the carpal region and where it is located

A

The carpal region refers to the wrist, connecting the hand to the forearm.

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21
Q

Explain the cephalic region and its position.

A

The cephalic region pertains to the head, including the skull and face.

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22
Q

What is the cervical region?

A

The cervical region is the neck area.

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23
Q

Describe the costal region

A

Ribs

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24
Q

Cranial region

A

Skull

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25
What is the crural region?
The crural region is the lower leg area.
26
Describe the cubital region
Elbow
27
Explain the cutaneous region.
Skin
28
What is the femoral region?
Thigh
29
Describe the forearm region
The forearm region is between the elbow and wrist.
30
Explain the frontal region
Forehead
31
What is the gluteal region?
Buttocks area
32
Describe the groin region
The groin region is the area where the thigh meets the trunk.
33
Explain the inguinal region
The inguinal region is the groin area.
34
What is the lumbar region?
Lower back
35
Describe the mammary region
The mammary region is the breast area.
36
Explain the ophthalmic region.
Eye area
37
What is the orbital region?
The orbital region is the eye socket area.
38
Describe the palmar region.
Palm of hand
39
Explain the parietal region.
The parietal region is the top of the head
40
What is the patellar region?
Kneecap
41
Describe the pectoral region.
Chest area
42
Explain the pedal region
Foot
43
What is the pelvic region?
The pelvic region is the area between the abdomen and thighs
44
Describe the perineal region
The perineal region is the area ***between the anus and external genitalia***
45
Explain the pericardial region
area around the heart.
45
What is the plantar region?
sole of the foot
46
Describe the popliteal region.
area behind the knee.
47
Explain the sacral region
The sacral region is the area between the hips.
48
What is the tarsal region?
Ankle area
49
Describe the thoracic region
Chest area
50
Explain the umbilical region.
navel area
51
What is the visceral region?
The visceral region is the internal organs area.
52
What does 'superior' mean?
Superior means above or higher in position.
53
What is an example of 'inferior'?
Inferior means below or lower in position.
54
Define 'medial'.
Medial means towards the midline of the body
55
What does 'lateral' mean?
away from the midline of the body.
56
Define 'superficial'
Superficial means closer to the surface of the body.
57
What does 'deep' mean?
further from the surface of the body.
58
Define 'anterior'
towards the front of the body.
59
What is an example of 'posterior'?
towards the back of the body.
60
Define 'proximal'
nearer to the point of attachment or origin.
61
Define 'distal'
further from the point of attachment or origin.
62
Define acute pathology
Diseases or conditions that develop rapidly and often have severe symptoms but are short-lived.
63
Describe chronic pathology
Diseases or conditions that persist over a long period, often for a lifetime, and may have a slow progression.
64
What are examples of viral pathologies?
Viral pathologies are diseases caused by viruses, such as influenza, HIV/AIDS, and COVID-19.
65
Explain bacterial pathologies
Diseases caused by bacteria, such as tuberculosis, pneumonia, and strep throat.
66
Define fungal pathologies
Diseases caused by fungi, such as athlete's foot, ringworm, and candidiasis.
67
What are infestation pathologies?
Conditions caused by the invasion of parasites, such as scabies, lice, and worms.
68
Describe congenital pathologies.
Congenital pathologies are conditions present at birth, often due to genetic factors or prenatal influences, such as congenital heart defects and cleft palate.
69
Explain hormonal pathologies
Hormonal pathologies are diseases or disorders related to hormonal imbalances, such as diabetes mellitus, thyroid disorders, and adrenal insufficiency
70
What are allergic pathologies?
Conditions caused by hypersensitivity reactions to allergens, such as allergic rhinitis, asthma, and eczema.
71
Define lifestyle-related pathologies
Diseases or conditions influenced by lifestyle choices, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases.
72
Describe environmental pathologies
Environmental pathologies are diseases or conditions caused by exposure to environmental factors, such as air pollution, radiation exposure, and chemical toxins.
73
What is the process of mitosis?
Mitosis is the process of cell division consisting of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and interphase.
74
Describe Prophase
* DNA condenses into visible chromosomes. * Nuclear membrane dissolves. * Spindle fibres form and attach to the chromosomes.
75
Describe Metaphase
* Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell along the metaphase plate. * Spindle fibres fully attach to the centromeres of each chromosome.
76
Describe Anaphase
* Sister chromatids separate and are pulled towards opposite ends of the cell. * Spindle fibres shorten, pulling chromatids apart.
77
Describe Telophase
* Chromatids reach opposite ends of the cell. * New nuclear membranes form around each set of chromosomes. * Chromosomes begin to uncoil back into chromatin.
78
Describe Interphase
* Cell prepares for division. * DNA replicates to prepare for the next round of cell division. * Cell grows and carries out its normal functions.
79
What are the components of a cell?
Components include: * cell membrane * nucleus * nucleolus * cytoplasm * vacuole * vesicles * centrioles * centrosome * organelles (such as Golgi apparatus, lysosome, ribosome, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum).
80
Name types process of transport across the cell membrane
* diffusion * osmosis * facilitated diffusion * active transport * dissolution * filtration * phagocytosis * pinocytosis
81
Diffusion
Substances move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration until equilibrium is reached.
82
Osmosis
Water molecules move across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration.
83
Facilitated Diffusion
Specific molecules move across the cell membrane with the help of transport proteins, from high to low concentration.
84
Active Transport
Energy is used to move molecules against their concentration gradient, from areas of low to high concentration, using carrier proteins.
85
Dissolution
Solid particles dissolve in a solvent to form a solution.
86
Filtration
Pressure forces fluid and solutes through a membrane, separating them from larger particles.
87
Phagocytosis
Cell engulfs solid particles by extending its membrane around them, forming a vesicle called a phagosome.
88
Pinocytosis
Cell takes in liquid droplets by forming small vesicles around them, bringing them into the cell.
89
Liquids taken in Pinocytosis
Water, ions, small molecules, and even proteins or other macromolecules dissolved in the extracellular fluid.
90
91
Function of cell Membrane:
Controls what enters and exits the cell; maintains cell shape and structure.
92
Function of Nucleus
Controls cell activities; contains genetic material (DNA).
93
Function of Nucleolus
Produces ribosomes; involved in protein synthesis.
94
Function of Cytoplasm
Jelly-like substance within the cell; supports organelles and cellular processes.
95
Function of Vacuoles
Store and transport nutrients, waste products, and other substances.
96
Function of Vesicles
Transport materials within the cell; may fuse with cell membrane for secretion.
97
Function of Centrioles
Involved in cell division (mitosis and meiosis); organise microtubules.
98
Function of Centrosome
Organises microtubules during cell division; involved in cell structure and movement.
99
Function of Golgi Apparatus
Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for transport; involved in secretion.
100
Function of Lysosome
Contains enzymes that break down waste materials and cellular debris.
101
Function of Ribosome
Site of protein synthesis; translates mRNA into proteins.
102
Function of Mitochondria
Powerhouse of the cell; produces energy (ATP) through cellular respiration.
103
Function of Endoplasmic Reticulum:
Site of protein and lipid synthesis; rough ER has ribosomes attached, smooth ER does not.
104
Role of organelles
Carry out specific functions within the cell; include structures like mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum.
105
What are the right and left upper quadrants? Answer:
The right upper quadrant and left upper quadrant are regions of the abdomen, divided by a horizontal line at the level of the umbilicus and a vertical line at the mid-clavicular line.
106
Describe the right and left lower quadrants.
The right lower quadrant and left lower quadrant are regions of the abdomen, below the level of the umbilicus, and divided by a horizontal line at the level of the umbilicus and a vertical line at the mid-clavicular line.
107
Frontal plane?
The frontal plane divides the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) portions.
108
Transverse plane
The transverse plane divides the body into top (superior) and bottom (inferior) portions.
109
What is the sagittal/longitudinal plane?
The sagittal/longitudinal plane divides the body into left and right portions.
110
Oblique plane
The oblique plane divides the body at an angle between the Tranverse, frontal or saggital planes.
111
Anatomy
Study of the structure the body
112
Coronal Plane
Divides vertically (longtidually) into anterior and posterior
113
Describe Essential Fatty Acids
CAN NOT BE SYNTHESISED BY THE BODY but. needed brain and nerve function
114
Pariteal
Relating to inner walls of cavity
115
Pathology
Study of dieases in body
116
Physiology
Study of functions in body
117
Quadrant
A reigon of abdominalpelvic cavity
118
Name two body cavities
1. Dorsal (back of body) 2. Ventral (front of body)
119
Name 2 cavities in Dorsal cavity
1. Cranial Cavity 2. Spinal cavity / CANAL
120
# * Name cavities within ventral cavity
1. Thoraic Cavity 2. Abdominopelvic cavity containing Abdominal and Pelvic Cavity
121
What does Thoraric Cavity contain
* Trachea * 2 Bronchi * 2 lungs * heart * oesophagus protected by ribcage seprates the abdominal ca vity by diaphragm
122
What does Abdominal cavity contain
* stomach * spleen * liver * gall bladder * small intestine * most of large intestine covered by serous membrane (**PERITONEUM**) protected by muscles of abdominal wall
123
What does pelvic cavity contain
* portion of large intestine * urinary bladder * reproductive organs Protected by pelvic bones
124
Signs
can be detected someone next to you
125
Symptoms
are felt by patient
126
Define 'Localised'
Specific organ or area affected
127
Systemic
Whole body involved
128
Molecules have which type of energy
Kinetic
129
Aetiology
cause or orgin of disease
130
# [](http://) Diagnosis
identification or process of naming diease
131
Prognosis
opinion on how the disease will progress
132
What is the most abundant element in the human body?
OXYGEN
133
Name 4 major elements in body and percentage
oxygen, carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen **96%**
134
Name 9 lesser elements and percentage in body
1. Calcium 2. Phosphrous 3. Potassium 4. Sulphur 5. Sodium 6. Chlorine 7. Magnesium 8. Iodine 9. Iron **3.9%**
135
Atoms
Smallest unit of matter that retain properties of that matter
136
Elements
Substances mde up of only 1 type of atom
137
Ion
-/+ charged atom
138
Cation
Positively charged ion
139
Anion
Negatively charged ion
140
Compounds
Molecules containing atoms of two or different elements
141
Describe Covalent Bonds
When 2 atoms share pairs of electrons and form molecules
142
Describe Ionic Bonds
Electrons from 1 atom are fully transferred to the outer shell of another atom
143
Describe Hydrogen Bonds
Hydrogen bonds form between other hydrogen atoms and other atoms because of oppositely attracted molcules.
144
Which element is a major component of bones and teeth
Calcium
145
What element is essential for the formation of haemoglobin in red blood cells
Iron
146
Which element is a key component of DNA and RNA?
Phosphorus
147
What element is crucial for nerve function and muscle contraction?
Potassium
148
What element is crucial for nerve function and muscle contraction?
Potassium
149
What element is a component of many enzymes and is involved in energy metabolism?
magnesium
150
# [](http://) Which element is essential for proper nerve transmission and bone health?
Sodium
151
# [](http://) What element plays a role in the regulation of fluid balance and muscle function?
Chlorine
152
Which element is crucial for the synthesis of collagen and connective tissue?
Zinc
153
Role of Vitamins
Organic compounds required in minute amounts help with functioning of body and help convert food to energy
154
Name 2 types of vitamins
1. Fat-soluable 2. Water soluable
155
Name fat soluble vitamins
Vitamin A,D,E,K
156
How are fat soluable vitamins stored
In liver and fatty tissues
157
name water soluable vitamins
Vitamin B & C
158
Issues with. Water soluable vitamins
Not stored by body Easily lost by excretion Sensitive to effects of cooking/storage
159
Role of minerals
Role in body growth, maintaince, form bones teeth hair nails
160
Define Free Radicals
Highly unstable reactive molecules that damage cells and implicated many disease and aging
161
Define Antioxidants
These are substances that combat or neutralise free radicals.
162
Functions of water
* Maintaining body temp * acting as a lubricant * providing cushioing * universal solvent
163
Describe Cytokenesis
process in cell division whereby the cytoplasm of a parent cell is divided into two daughter cells. This occurs after the completion of mitosis or meiosis, ensuring that each daughter cell receives a portion of the cytoplasm along with its nucleus and other organelles.
164
Characteristics of Epithetial tissue
* cells fit closely together * arranged in continous sheets * have free surface exposed to body exterior or cavity * constantly regenerated * avascualar *
165
166
Cytology
Study of cells
167
Hypoxia
Lack/defiency of oxyen in area
168
Ischaemia
Reduced/inadequate blood supply to an area
169
Maligant
Cells dividing abnormally, uncontrollably
170
Somatic
Any cell except reproductive cells

Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology for Complementary Therapies (2 decks)

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