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Week 9 - Dermatology > Skin Function > Flashcards

Skin Function Flashcards

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Dermatology Board Prep flashcards
1
Q

What are the three main functions of the skin?

A
  • Protection
  • Regulation
  • Sensation
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2
Q

Explain the protective skin function

A
  • Primary function as a barrier
  • Mechanical impacts
  • Protects and detects pressure
  • Detects variation in extreme temperature
  • Barrier to micro-organisms
  • Barrier to radiation/chemicals
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3
Q

Explain the regulatory function of the skin

A
  • Body temperature regulation via sweat, hair and changes in peripheral circulation
  • Fluid balance via sweat/sensible loss
  • Synthesis of vitamin D
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4
Q

Explain the sensation function of the skin

A

• Network of nerve cells that detect and relay changes in the environment

  • heat
  • cold
  • touch
  • pain
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5
Q

What are the 4 main layers of the skin?

A
  • Epidermis
  • Basement membrane
  • Dermis
  • Sub cutaneous tissue
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6
Q

What are the layers of the epidermis?

A
  • Stratum corneum
  • Stratum granulosum
  • Stratum spinosum
  • Stratum basale
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7
Q

What does the histology of the stratum spinosum look like?

A

There are processes (spines) between the cells

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8
Q

What embryological structure is the skin derived from?

A

The ectoderm

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9
Q

Explain the embryology of the skin

A
  • Derived from ectoderm
  • 5th week: skin of embryo is covered by simple cuboidal epithelium
  • 7th week: single squamous layer (periderm) and a basal layer
  • 4th month: an intermediate layer, containing several cell layers is interposed between the basal cells and periderm
  • The epidermis invaded by melanoblasts, cells of the neural crest origin
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10
Q

In embryology, what forms the sebaceous glands and sweat glands?

A
  • The cells of the epithelial root sheath proliferate to form a sebaceous gland bud
  • Sweat glands develop as downgrowths of epithelial cords into the dermis
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11
Q

What are Langerhans and where are they located?

A
  • Members of the dendritic cell family

* In the basal layers

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12
Q

Explain the immune response/system in the skin

A

•Specialize in antigen presentation:
- acquire in antigens in peripheral tissues
- transport them to regional lymph nodes
- present to naive T cells and initiate the adaptive immune response
•Activated T cells initiate cytokine release cascade

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13
Q

What are the effects of UV on the skin?

A
  • Direct cellular damage
  • Alterations in immunological function
  • Photoaging
  • DNA damage
  • Carcinogenesis
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14
Q

What tumour suppressor gene mutated by DNA damage is associated to melanoma?

A

P53

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15
Q

Which cells protect form UV DNA damage?

A
  • Keratinocytes

* Melanocytes

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16
Q

What absorbs UVB in the skin?

A

7-dehydrocholesterol

17
Q

What does 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin convert UVB to?

A

Previtamin D3

18
Q

What is pre-vitamin D3 converted to?

A

Active vitamin D3 (converted in the plasma membrane)

19
Q

What are the associations of a vitamin D deficiency?

A
  • Increased risk of common cancers
  • Autoimmune diseases
  • Infectious diseases
  • Cardiovascular disease
20
Q

What cells are associated with free nerve endings?

A

Merkel cells

21
Q

Explain what Merkel cells are

A
  • At the base of the epidermis
  • Respond to sustained gentle and localised pressure
  • Assess shape/edge
22
Q

Explain what meissner corpuscles are

A
  • situated immediately below epidermis
  • Particularly well represented on the palmar surfaces of the fingers and lips
  • Especially sensitive to light touch
23
Q

Explain what Ruffini corpuscles are

A
  • Situated in the dermis

* Sensitive to deep pressure and stretching

24
Q

Explain what pacinian corpuscles are

A
  • Mechanoreceptors present in the deep dermis
  • Sensitive to deep touch
  • Rapid deformation of the skin surface
  • Around joints for position/proprioception
25
Q

What do free nerve endings detect?

A
  • Pain

* Temperature

26
Q

What are the Fitzpatrick skin colour types?

A 
1 - Very fair, always burns cannot tan 
2 - Fair, usually burns, sometimes tans 
3 - Medium, sometimes burns, usually tans
4 - Olive, rarely burns, always tans 
5 - Brown, rarely burns, always tans 
6 - Black, rarely burns, always tans
27
Q

What is a macule?

A

Flat skin change

28
Q

What is a papule

A

Change in the surface of the skin, normally raised (less than 1cm around)

29
Q

What is a pustule

A

Skin change filled with pus

30
Q

What is a plaque

A

Raised surface of the skin

31
Q

What is a vesicle

A

Tiny blister, fluid filled

32
Q

What is a bulla?

A

Giant blister

33
Q

What is an ulceration?

A

Loss of epidermis

34
Q

Explain skin allergy

A
  • Skin irritation induces langerhans migration
  • Migrate from the epidermis to the draining lymph nodes
  • Initial sensitisation takes 10-14 days from the initial exposure to allergen
  • Once an individual is sensitised, allergic dermatitis can then develop within hours of recent exposure
35
Q

What is the result of chronic UV exposure?

A
  • Loss of skin elasticity
  • Increased fragility
  • Abnormal pigmentation
  • Haemorrhage of blood vessels
  • Premature ageing and wrinkles

Week 9 - Dermatology (8 decks)

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