skin diseases Flashcards
explain the etiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment of atopic dermatitis.
etiology:
-pruritis (itchy skin) caused by allergens in environment/food
-hair loss, skin lesions
-accompanied by GI-related symptoms
diagnosis:
-R/O ectoparasite
-food trial (hypoallergenic diet)
treatment:
-antihistamines/ glucocorticoids
-medicated shampoo
-food trial: hypoallergenic diet (limited ingredients, usually contains novel proteins or hydrolyzed proteins)
prognosis: good with treatment; possible life-long treatment with sensitivity to ectoparasites
explain the etiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment of photosensitization (livestock)
etiology:
-UV radiation-induced sunburn (localized to nose and mouth)
-unpigmented skin most affected
-primary form: plant or chemical poisoning
-secondary form: ingested photo agent absorbed directly through the skin
clinical signs:
-sunburn/irritation around nose and mouth
diagnosis:
-clinical signs
treatment:
-removal of causative plants/drugs from diet
-treat primary liver disease w/ medication
-night-time turnout (supplement vit D)
-ATB for secondary bacterial infection
-skin protectants
-fly mask/sheets to block UV rays (equine)
prognosis: good; secondary form guarded
explain the etiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment of ear mites
etiology:
-otodectes cynotis
-lives on surface of skin, feeds on epidermal debris
clinical signs:
-black/crusty secretions from ear canals
-ear exudate in rabbits (yellow color secretion)
-scratching
-headshaking
-ear pain
-ear lesions
diagnosis:
-otoscope
-skin scrape (microscopic visualization)
treatment:
-kill mites and increase comfort with miticides
-clean ears
-apply topical ointment
prognosis: good
explain the etiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment of fleas
etiology:
-blood-sucking ectoparasite that feeds on mammals and birds
-flea saliva contains allergenic properties
-host for tapeworms
clinical signs:
-scratching
-biting
-skin irritation
-hair loss
-flea dirt (dried blood on skin surface)
diagnosis:
-flea
-flea dirt
-flea lesions (caused by persistent scratching)
treatment:
-anti-flea spray, dips, powder, shampoo
-flea-killing oral medication
prognosis: good if there are no severe infections
explain the etiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment of tick-borne illnesses
etiology:
-blood-sucking arthropod
-transmit bacterial, viral, and protozoan diseases
-severe infestations can lead to anemia
diagnosis:
-SNAP test
-hematology (find organisms within blood smear)
treatment:
-doxycycline PO BID for 14 days
prognosis: guarded
explain the etiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment of cuterebra/ warbles/ bot flies
etiology:
-cuterebra fly lays eggs in soil=> larvae mature in skin and leave wounds as adult fly
-fistula (opening in skin) allows larvae to breath
clinical signs:
-swelling under skin w/ fistula (neck/head area)
diagnosis:
-clinical signs
treatment:
-removal of intact larvae w/ hemostat/tweezers (rupture of larvae can cause anaphylactic shock)
-flush wound site w/ antibacterial solution
-topical ATB
prognosis: good with proper removal
explain the etiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment of demodectic mange
etiology:
-mites living under surface of skin causing irritation and inflammation
-cigar-shaped mites that live within hair follicles
-infect animals w/low immunity
clinical signs:
-non-itching
-alopecia on face
-immunocompromised animals experience generalized alopecia
diagnosis:
-skin scrape (microscopic view of mite)
treatment:
-dips, topical, oral medication
-ATB for possible secondary bacterial infections
prognosis: good, animals become more resistant as they age
explain the etiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment of sarcoptic mange/ scabies
etiology:
-rounded mite, female mites burrow in epidermis and lay eggs
-highly contagious and zoonotic
clinical signs:
-red, crusty lesions on ears and elbows
-inflammation of skin
diagnosis:
-skin scrape
prognosis: poor; highly contagious and expensive to treat
explain the etiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment of ringworm
etiology:
-fungus grows rapidly on surface of skin, infects hair shaft
-zoonotic
clinical signs:
-round, circular patches of alopecia
-w/ or w/o pruritus (itching)
diagnosis:
-circular patches of alopecia w/ or w/o skin redness and irritation
-wood’s light examination
treatment:
-clip area and apply topical antifungal medication
-antifungal baths for large lesions
prognosis: guarded; fungal spores can live in environment for a while, clean potential fomites
explain the etiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment of lipoma tumor
etiology:
-benign tumor of adipose tissue
clinical signs:
-round, oval soft mass, slowly growing
-non-ulcerated, directly under skin
diagnosis:
-biopsy w/ fine needle aspiration
treatment:
-surgical removal of large tumors
prognosis: good
explain the etiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment of sarcoid tumor
etiology:
-caused by bovine papillomavirus type 1
-highly vascularized tumor, slow growing
clinical signs:
-slow-growing, locally invasive tumor (usually on face, truck, chest, tail)
diagnosis:
clinical signs
treatment:
-leave small ones alone
-surgically debulking tumor (total removal can cause reoccurrence in other locations)
-cauterizing agent (decrease blood supply)
-cryosurgery (freeze off)
-xxtera: caustic substance w/ bloodroot plant extract=> tissue necrosis
prognosis: guarded; most remain small and regress w/ seasonal irritation
explain the etiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment of skin abscesses
etiology:
-associated w/ initial wound and a break in dermal layer causes bacterial pocket of puss to develop underneath the skin
clinical signs:
-firm, palpable mass
-pain and heat in areas
diagnosis:
-PE and clinical signs
-C&S
-cytology, fine-needle aspiration
treatment:
-lance and drain abscess
-topical ATB
-NSAIDs for anti-inflammatory
prognosis: good with treatment
explain the etiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment of basal cell carcinoma
etiology:
-cutaneous epithelial neoplasm associated w/ hair bulb
clinical signs:
-single round firm lesion, often ulcerated
-lesion located on head, around eyes, ears, lips, neck, legs (slow-growing)
diagnosis:
biopsy
treatment:
-removal of tumor w/ surgery, cryosurgery
prognosis: good with tumor removal
explain the etiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment of squamous cell carcinoma
etiology:
-neoplasm develops in squamous cell that make up epidermis
clinical signs:
-ulcerative sore, doesn’t heal
diagnosis:
-biopsy
-clinical signs
treatment:
-removal of tumor w/ surgery
prognosis: controlled; reoccurrence after surgery often
explain the etiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment of mast cell tumor
etiology:
-neoplasm of mast cell (WBC) found under skin
clinical signs:
-isolated firm nodules, possible ulceration (raw)
-crusty lesions in cats
diagnosis:
-biopsy
-fine-needle aspiration
-cytology smear
treatment:
-surgically remove tumor
-chemotherapy
prognosis: good; usually doesn’t metastasize
explain the etiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment of feather pecking
etiology:
-welfare issue in free-range flocks and pets
-feather picking, plucking, chewing
-develops out of boredom/excessive grooming behavior, red mites, wet condition, poor sanitation
clinical signs:
-loss/damage to body feathers
-history of poor husbandry, overcrowding in production, stressful environment for pet bird
-nutritional deficiencies: low fiber, amino acids, protein
diagnosis:
-history of poor husbandry
-R/O other causes of poor plumage
treatment:
pets: enrich environment to prevent boredom, high fiber diet, companionship
production birds: beak trimming, high fiber diet, enrichment, movement, daily routine, move to pastured chicken management to improve foraging behaviors
how do hydrolyzed proteins reduce allergic reactions?
hydrolysis of proteins allows the proteins to be converted into smaller peptides, reducing their molecular weight. this prevents the body from recognizing the protein and reduces allergic properties
what is the difference between demodectic mange and sarcoptic mange?
demodectic mange: mites live within hair follicles, cause irritation and inflammation; good prognosis
sarcoptic mange: mites burrow under epidermis; highly contagious and zoonotic; poor prognosis
