respiratory diseases Flashcards
explain the etiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment of rhinitis
etiology:
-inflammation of the mucus membranes of nose
-viral causes: FVR and FCV
-bacterial causes: canine distemper
-fungal causes
-allergies
clinical signs:
-serous, mucoid/mucopurulent nasal discharge
-sneezing, pawing at nose
-depression
-facial pain
-coughing (EQUINE/CANINE)
-epiphora and conjunctivitis
-fluffed feathers and crop stasis (AVIAN)
diagnosis:
-history of recent travel, exposure to other sick animals
-clinical signs
-radiograph: sinusitis or foreign body
-C&S
-rhinoscopy
treatment:
-supportive care
-fluid therapy/ nutritional support
-ATBs in bacterial (based on C&S)
prognosis: good
what are the animals commonly affected by rhinitis?
Dogs, cats, horses, birds
explain the etiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment of sinusitis
etiology:
-inflammation of the sinus cavity
-primary cause: respiratory viruses
-secondary: cyst/tooth root abscess
clinical signs:
-swelling under eyes
-chronic mucopurulent nasal discharge
-unilateral nasal discharge w/ tooth infection
-neurologic deficits, bulging eyes
diagnosis:
-PE
-deformity of sinus cavity
-percussion
-C&S of pus from sinus cavity
treatment:
-flushing sinuses w/ antiseptic solution
-ATBs/antifungals depending on C&S/fungal culture
prognosis: good w/ treatment
explain the etiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment of feline herpesvirus/ feline viral rhinotracheitis
etiology:
-causes feline viral rhinotracheitis (FVR); highly contagious
-grows in nasal passages/tonsils and damages mucus membranes
-transmission: aerosol droplets, fomites
clinical signs:
-conjunctivitis
-fever
-sneezing
-rhinitis
-epiphora
-loss of appetite
-lethargy
diagnosis:
-FHV-1 PCR test
treatment:
-supportive care
-ATBs for possible secondary bacterial infection
-O2 cage and feeding tube
-nebulizer
prognosis: good; guarded/poor in younger kittens
explain the etiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment of equine herpesvirus/ equine rhinopneumonitis
etiology:
-viral disease of upper respiratory tract, nervous system, and reproductive system
-transmission: saliva, respiratory secretions, feces
-highly contagious
-EMERGING DISEASE
clinical signs:
-fever
-nasal discharge
-swollen lymph nodes under mandible
diagnosis:
-PCR nasal swab
treatment:
-supportive care
-anti-viral medications
-anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDs)
-isolation
prognosis: good
explain the etiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment of equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy
etiology:
-neuropathogenic strain of EHV-1
-causes damage to blood vessels of brain and spinal cord (inflammation, blood clots, death of nervous tissue)
clinical signs:
-fever before neurologic signs
-decreased coordination (mostly in hind limbs)
-difficult eliminations
diagnosis:
-PCR nasal swab w/ neurological signs
treatment:
-supportive care
-anti-viral medications
-anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDs)
-isolation (21 days)
prognosis: poor
what qualifies a disease as an emerging disease?
- Identified for the first time in a region/country
- Changes in severity, type of animal that can be infected, changes in pathogen behavior
- Change in geographic range/incidence within a range
explain the etiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment of canine distemper
etiology:
-caused by paramyxovirus
-highly contagious
-transmission: aerosol droplets, transplacental, contact with contaminated urine and feces
clinical signs:
-respiratory: mucus nasal and ocular discharge, coughing, sneezing
-gastrointestinal: fever, lethargy, vomiting, diarrhea
-HYPERKERATOSIS of nose and footpads
diagnosis:
-clinical signs
-no vaccination
Serology: + antibody titers for canine distemper
-abnormal blood smear
-florescent antibody test (definitive diagnosis)
treatment:
-supportive care for symptom relief
-isolation
-euthanasia
prognosis: guarded; vaccination provides good protection
explain the etiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment of infectious canine tracheobronchitis/ kennel cough
etiology:
-Bordetella bronchiseptica
-inflammation of trachea and bronchi
-highly contagious
clinical signs:
-history of recent exposure to kennel, grooming facility, etc.
-dry hacking cough
diagnosis:
-dry cough and history of potential exposure
treatment:
-home care; will resolve over time
-cough suppressants, bronchodilators
prognosis: good; usually resolves itself within 2-3 weeks
explain the etiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment of swine influenza
etiology:
-respiratory disease caused by type A influenza
-high morbidity, low mortality
-transmission: aerosol droplets, close contact, fomites
-ZOONOTIC
clinical signs:
-may be asymptomatic
-fever
-cough
-weakness
-difficulty breathing
-mucus nasal and ocular discharge
-depression
diagnosis:
-virus isolation in PCR test
-necropsy
prognosis: guarded; high morbidity, low mortality
list preventative measures for swine influenza
-vaccination
-reduce stress in herd
-biosecurity
what are the main strains of swine influenza in the US?
H1N1, H1N2, H3N2
-H1N1 and H3N2 are endemic
-H3N2 introduced by humans
explain the etiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment of pneumonia
etiology:
-inflammation of respiratory lining of lungs
-usually bacterial
diagnosis:
-auscultation: crackles and wheezing
-lethargy
-weakness
-polysynovitis (hock/stifle edema)
-intestinal and mesenteric abscesses
-serology: high WBC
C&S of trachea
-thoracic radiographs/ultrasound: fluid accumulation in lungs
treatment:
-ATBs
-supportive therapy
prognosis: guarded; depends on speed of treatment/care (70-90% survival rate in foals)
list preventative measures for pneumonia
-vaccinations
-well-ventilated, dust-free environment
-do not introduce new animals into established groups
