Skin conditions Flashcards
What is folliculitis and what causes it?
Folliculitis is inflammation of the hair follicle, commonly caused by bacterial infection, especially Staphylococcus aureus. It leads to small pustules with surrounding erythema, often seen on the scalp and extremities.
What are furuncles (boils) and what is their pathophysiology?
Furuncles are painful pustular nodules that form when bacterial infection spreads from a hair follicle to the surrounding dermis. They develop central necrosis and may scar. Staphylococcus aureus is the most common cause.
What are carbuncles and where are they commonly found?
Carbuncles are clusters of infected hair follicles, often located on the neck, shoulders, or thighs. They result in red, painful, swollen nodules that drain pus and can cause systemic symptoms like fever.
What is cellulitis and what causes it?
Cellulitis is a bacterial infection of the dermis and subcutaneous tissue. It is commonly caused by Staphylococcus or Streptococcus species. It spreads rapidly and can cause serious complications if untreated.
What are the signs and symptoms of cellulitis?
Signs and symptoms include redness, warmth, swelling, pain, and fever. The affected area may appear red, swollen, and feel hot to the touch.
What are the treatment options for cellulitis?
Treatment typically involves antibiotics to target the causative bacteria. In severe cases, hospitalization may be required for intravenous antibiotics.
How can cellulitis be prevented?
Prevention includes good skin hygiene, proper wound care, and management of underlying conditions such as diabetes. Protecting the skin from injury and promptly treating any skin infections can also reduce risk.
What is dermatitis (eczema)?
Dermatitis is an inflammatory skin condition causing pruritis, erythema, vesicles, and scales. Chronic cases may include skin thickening, dryness, and fissures. It can be caused by allergens, irritants, or genetic factors.
What is acne vulgaris and what causes it?
Acne vulgaris is an inflammation of the sebaceous glands, leading to papules, pustules, and cysts. It is most common during adolescence and can be triggered by hormonal changes, bacterial infection, and excess sebum production.
What is psoriasis and how does it affect the skin?
Psoriasis is an autoimmune disorder characterized by hyperproliferation of keratinocytes and changes in dermal blood vessels. This leads to the formation of thick, silvery-scaled plaques, often on the scalp, elbows, and knees.
What is basal cell carcinoma?
Basal cell carcinoma is the most common type of skin cancer, originating in the basal cells of the epidermis. It grows slowly and rarely metastasizes. It usually appears as red, scaly lesions or nodules in sun-exposed areas.
What is squamous cell carcinoma?
Squamous cell carcinoma arises from keratinocytes in the epidermis. It is more invasive than basal cell carcinoma and can metastasize. It typically presents as nodules or ulcers with irregular borders, often in sun-exposed areas.
What is melanoma?
Melanoma is a malignant tumor originating from melanocytes. It is the most aggressive form of skin cancer, with rapid progression and a high risk of metastasis. It can appear as irregular, multicolored moles that change in size, shape, and color.
What is a pressure injury and what causes it?
A pressure injury is localized damage to the skin and underlying tissue caused by prolonged pressure, often over bony prominences. It leads to ischemia and tissue necrosis, and is commonly seen in bedridden or immobile patients.
What are the six stages of pressure injury?
Stage 1: Intact skin with non-blanchable erythema.
Stage 2: Partial thickness loss exposing the dermis; blister-like.
Stage 3: Full thickness loss exposing hypodermis, with rolled edges.
Stage 4: Full thickness loss exposing deeper tissues like fascia, tendon, or bone.
Unstageable: Full thickness loss with obscured damage due to dead tissue.
Deep tissue injury: Non-blanchable, deep red or purple discoloration or blood-filled blister.
How do arterial leg ulcers differ from venous leg ulcers?
Arterial ulcers are typically smaller, deeper, and located on the toes or shins. They have a “punched-out” appearance and are dry with necrotic tissue. They are often associated with poor arterial blood flow, resulting in ischemia.
Venous ulcers are larger, shallower, and often occur around the ankle. They are moist with granulation tissue, and are caused by venous insufficiency, leading to blood stasis and pressure-related tissue damage.
