Respiratory conditions Flashcards
What is Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), and what are its causes?
COPD is a group of lung disorders characterized by progressive airflow obstruction. It is primarily caused by long-term exposure to noxious substances like cigarette smoke, environmental pollutants, or occupational irritants.
What are the common signs and symptoms of COPD?
Common symptoms include:
Breathlessness, especially on exertion
Productive cough
Chest tightness
Wheezing
Dyspnoea (shortness of breath)
Nostril flaring
Accessory muscle breathing
Pursed lip breathing
Barrel chest
Cyanosis and finger clubbing
How is COPD diagnosed and treated?
Diagnosis is based on clinical signs, spirometry tests, and imaging. Treatment includes:
Smoking cessation
Bronchodilators (e.g., salbutamol)
Inhaled steroids (e.g., fluticasone)
Pulmonary rehabilitation
Oxygen therapy
Surgery (in advanced cases)
What is the pathophysiology of emphysema?
Emphysema is characterized by the destruction of alveolar walls and capillaries, leading to decreased surface area for gas exchange. This destruction is caused by an imbalance between proteases and anti-proteases, often due to chronic irritant exposure (e.g., cigarette smoke).
What are the signs and symptoms of emphysema?
Signs and symptoms include:
Difficulty exhaling (air trapping)
Hyperinflation (barrel chest)
Use of accessory muscles
Increased work of breathing
Hypoxia and hypercapnia
Fatigue and respiratory distress
What is the pathophysiology of chronic bronchitis?
Chronic bronchitis involves inflammation of the bronchi and bronchioles, with increased mucus production and impaired cilia function. This leads to airway narrowing, increased resistance, and a buildup of mucus that can’t be cleared effectively.
What are the signs and symptoms of chronic bronchitis?
Signs and symptoms include:
Persistent productive cough (for >3 months, at least 2 consecutive years)
Shortness of breath
Increased airway resistance
Hypoxemia and hypercapnia
Increased use of accessory muscles
What is the pathophysiology of asthma?
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory condition where airway narrowing occurs in response to triggers (e.g., allergens). This leads to increased airway resistance, V/Q mismatch, and difficulty breathing, particularly during exacerbations.
What are the signs and symptoms of asthma?
Symptoms include:
Wheezing
Shortness of breath
Chest tightness
Cough (often at night or early morning)
Difficulty exhaling
What is the pathophysiology of cystic fibrosis?
Cystic fibrosis is caused by a genetic mutation in chloride channel proteins, leading to thick, sticky mucus in the lungs, pancreas, and other organs. This impairs airflow, causes chronic infections, and leads to inflammation and progressive lung damage.
What are the signs and symptoms of cystic fibrosis?
Signs and symptoms include:
Chronic cough with thick mucus
Recurrent respiratory infections
Shortness of breath
Wheezing
Poor growth
Pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale in severe cases
