skin conditions Flashcards
leukonychia strata
these are the normal white marks on our nails from scratching, dents, etc.
can be linear markings in dark skinned people
mongolian spot
hyperpigmentation usually found on the buttocks or sacrum; normal
erythema toxicum
rash that appears 3-4 days after birth; normal; will go away on its own
acrocyanosis
blue color around lips, hands, feet, and nails; a cyanosis condition
cutis marmorata
mottling of the skin due to cold; red or blue; cyanosis condition
jaundice vs carotenemia
jaundice: yellow skin due to liver dysfunction
carotenemia: yellow-orange colored skin due to ingestion of large amounts of carotene (often found in infant foods)
milia
small, white papules on cheeks of infants
storkbite
aka salmon patch; flat, irregular, red patch on infant; forehead, eyelid, upper lip, or back of neck
acne
in adolescents; buildup of sebum; includes blackheads (open comedones) or whiteheads (closed comedones)
senile lentigines/liver spots
flat, brown macules; appear on sun exposed areas
keratoses
raised, scaly lesions that look warty
seborrheic keratosis
dark, greasy, stuck on; kind of look like dark, scaly moles
actinic keratosis
resembles squamous cell carcinoma; red, scaly plaques on sun-exposed surfaces
acrochordons
skin tags
sebaceous hyperplasia
resembles basal cell carcinoma; raised papules with central depression
macule + patch
macules are color changes on epidermis
patches are macules <1cm
papule + plaque
palpable (elevated and solid); extend into dermis
plaque is a papule >1cm (psoriasis)
nodule + tumor
solid and elevated; extends farther into dermis than papule (>1cm)
tumor (neoplastic growth) is a nodule more than a few centimeters big; malignant or benign
wheal + urticaria
red, raised, irregular shape due to inflammation (mosquito bite)
urticaria: hives; merged wheals that are very itchy
vesicle + bulla
= blister; elevated (epidermis) cavity filled with fluids; <1cm; herpes simplex
bulla: single chambered vesicle (in epidermis) filled with fluid; thin walled; burns, friction blisters; >1cm
cyst + pustule
encapsulated cavity filled with fluid; in dermis or subcutaneous layer
pustule: cavity filled with fluid; acne
primary lesions
macule, patch, bulla, vesicle, urticaria, wheal, tumor, nodule, plaque, papule, cyst, pustule
occur due to breaking of intact skin
secondary lesions
crust, scales, fissure, erosion, ulcer, excoriation, scar, atrophic scar, keloid, lichenification
occurs due to changes to primary lesions (like scratching, picking…)
crust
dried out exudate when vesicles/pustules burst
scale
skin flakes due to shedding of excess keratin
psoriasis
fissure
crack that extends into dermis
athlete’s foot
erosion
scooped out, shallow depression in epidermis; no bleeding; heals without scar
ulcer
deep and irregular depression extending into dermis; leaves scar
pressure ulcer/sore
excoriation
self inflicted (scratching, itching); in epidermis scratching insect bites, scabies
scar
CT (collagen) replaces skin tissue after healing
atrophic scar
depression of skin level; thinning of epidermis
lichenification
thickening of skin due to intense scratching
keloid
elevated scar
pressure ulcer
1: localized redness; skin intact; will blanch
2: erosion
3: crater extends into dermis and subcutaneous tissue
4: exposure of muscle, tendon, and/or bone; can include slough (stringy matter on wound) or eschar (black necrotic tissue)
hematoma
palpable bruise; can be due to crying or coughing (increased pressure)
contusion (bruise)
patch of capillaries that bleed into tissues
red, purple, blue-green, yellow
port wine stain
a hemangioma; flat, red, macular patch on face (cranial nerve V)
present at birth and does not fade
strawberry hemangioma
raised, bright red area; goes away on its own
immature
cavernous hemangioma
red-blue irregular blood vessel mass
telangiectasia
appearance of blood vessels on skin surface
due to vasodilation
spider or star angioma
red marking with a solid, circular center; radiation of spiderlike ‘legs’
venous lake
blue-purple dilation of veins or capillaries
purpuric lesions
blood flows out of broken vessels and red pigment is deposited in the tissue
petechiae, purpura, ecchymosis
petichiae
very small hemorrhages that do not blanch
purpura
big patch of merged petechiae and ecchymoses
ecchymosis
purplish patch from blood entering skin
diaper dermatitis
red patch in diaper area
intertrigo (candidiasis)
scalding red, moist patches with demarcated borders
candida fungus (superficial)
in genital area
impetigo
thin-walled vesicles that crust when burst; highly contagious
atopic dermatitis (eczema)
measles (rubeola)
red blotchy rash
starts behind ears and then spreads over neck, trunk, arms, and legs
koplik spots in mouth
rubella (german measles)
pink papular rash like measles but paler; starts on face, then spreads
distinguished from measles by presence of neck lymphadenopathy (enlarged lymph nodes) and absence of koplik spots
primary contact dermatitis
local inflammatory reaction to CONTACT with an environmental irritant (allergen– poison ivy)
pruritis
tinea corporis (ringworm)
scales
dark skin: depigmented
light skin: hyperpigmented
multiple circular lesions with clear centers
tinea pedis (athlete’s foot)
fungal infection
scaly, hard fissures
in warm, moist feet
psoriasis
silvery, scaly patch
tinea versicolor
fine, scaly, round patches of pink, tan, or white
superficial fungal infection
allergic medication reaction
red and symmetrical rash; generalized
produced by medication
chicken pox (varicella)
small, tight vesicles and spread to arms, legs, face (not soles or palms)
‘dewdrop on rose petal’
vesicles erupt, become pustules, and crust
herpes simplex
cold sores; virus
tight vesicles–> pustules–> painful ulcers
erythema migrans (lyme)
circular bullseye rash
starts at site of tick bite
includes disseminated disease
herpes zoster (shingles)
occurs along nerve route
vesicles–> pustules–> crust
reactivation of chicken pox (varicella zoster)
unilateral and does not cross midline
scabies
mites that form linear or curved burrows on fingers or webbed spaces of hands
basal cell carcinoma
skin (or darker) colored papule translucent top, shiny, elevated borders looks like large, open pore most common form of skin cancer slow progression; rare death
squamous cell carcinoma
scaly patch with sharp margins
central ulcer and surrounding redness develop
on hands or head (areas with sun exposure)
very common
easily removed by surgery
slow progression
malignant melanoma
1/2 of the cases come from preexisting nevi (ABCDE!)
1-2% of skin cancers, 20% death rate
rapid progression
occurs earlier in life
AIDs related kaposi’s sarcoma
patch stage
lesions on temple and beard area
seborrheic dermatitis (cradle cap)
thick, yellow-white, greasy scales
mild redness
common in early infancy
resembles eczema, but lacks pruritis
seborrheic dermatitis (cradle cap)
thick, yellow-white, greasy scales
mild redness
common in early infancy
resembles eczema, but lacks pruritis
tinea capitis (scalp ringworm)
round, patchy hair loss on scalp
broken off hairs, pustules, scales on skin
fungal infection
fluoresce blue-green under wood-light
contagious (transmits through soil, animals, and other people)
toxic alopecia
patchy, asymmetrical balding
accompanies illness or chemotherapy
growing hairs are lost; resting hairs are spared
regrowth occurs when treatment is done
alopecia areata
sudden appearance of sharp, round balding patch
smooth, soft, hairless skin underneath
person usually sees complete regrowth when it is limited to a few patches
traumatic/traction alopecia
linear or oval patch of hair loss
trauma from protective hairstyles (tight braids, ponytails, or barrettes)
trichotillomania
traumatic, self-induced hair loss from compulsive twisting or plucking
irregular patches with broken, stub-like hairs
can be a sign of a personality disorder
pediculosis capitis (head lice)
itchy scalp
nits (eggs) have oval translucent bodies, adhere to hair shaft
can use shampoo (over the counter) or nit-picking
pediculosis capitis (head lice)
itchy scalp
nits (eggs) have oval translucent bodies, adhere to hair shaft
can use shampoo (over the counter) or nit-picking
folliculitis (razor bumps)
superficial infection of follicles
pustules
hirsutism
excess body hair in women that forms male sexual pattern (upper lip, face, chest, abdomen, arms, legs)
endocrine or metabolic dysfunction
sometimes idiopathic
furuncle and abscess
red, swollen, hard, tender, pus-filled lesion due to local bacteria
hair follicle infection after traumatic introduction of bacteria into the skin
abscesses are larger and deeper than furuncles
paronychia
red, swollen, tender inflammation of nail cuticles
acute: bacteria
chronic: fungal (from ‘wet’ work)
paronychia
red, swollen, tender inflammation of nail cuticles
acute: bacteria
chronic: fungal (from ‘wet’ work)
splinter hemorrhages
red-brown linear streaks on nail bed
beau’s line
furrow or groove on nail; depression extends to nail bed
occurs with trauma (illness, toxins, local trauma)
impairs nail formation
dent grows out
onichomycosis
fungal infection of the nail (finger or toe)
common in older adults
causes color (green), texture, and thickness changes
causes nail to crumble or break off or loosen
starts at distal edge and progresses proximally
late clubbing
increased angle of proximal nail (180 degrees)
round and wide finger
occurs with pulmonary or heart disease
starts in thumb and index finger
nail pitting
pitting and crumbling of nails
distal detachment
occurs with psoriasis
habit-tic dystrophy
depression down middle of nail due to picking of cuticle, which injures nail base and matrix
