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Anaphy lab > Skin Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Skin Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Four types of tissue

A

Epithelial Tissue
Muscle Tissue
Connective Tissue
Nervous Tissue

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2
Q

Flattened fish scale like

A

Simple squamous

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3
Q

Like columns

A

Simple columnar

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3
Q

Cube shaped

A

Cuboidal

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4
Q

At the free surface of the epith membrane

A

Stratified Epithelial

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4
Q

Encounters friction, many layers of flattened cells

A

Stratified Squamous

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5
Q

For stretching, and it can’t be distinguished

A

Transitional Epithelial (

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6
Q

Has a inside thing secretion in protein

A

Glandular Epithelial

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7
Q

_____ It is well vascularized, and it is made up of many different types of cells with non living substances called _____

A

Connective tissue, extracellular matrix

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8
Q

It makes up the bone _____ that is maintained by ____ that can be located in cavities called ____, with calcium salts and collagen fibers that protects the body organs

A

osseous tissue, osteocyte, lacunae

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8
Q

A type of connective tissue that is a hard matrix made up of osseous tissue

A

Bone

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9
Q

It is a less hard matrix, more flexible, and few cells. It is considered avascular

A

Cartilage

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10
Q

____ Abundant in collagen fibers hidden by a rubbery matrix _____ attaches to the breastbone, trachea and cover bone ends at joins

A

Hyaline cartilage

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10
Q

Attach skeletal muscles to bones

A

Tendons

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11
Q

Highly compressible, cushion like disk between vertebrae of spinal column

A

Fibrocartilage

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11
Q

Three types of cartilage

A

Hyaline Cartilage
Fibrocartilage
Elastic Cartilage

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11
Q

External ear

A

Elastic Cartilage

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12
Q

Main matrix elements are collagen fibers which make the lower layer of the skin (dermis)

A

Dense Connective Tissue or Dense Fibrous Tissue

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12
Q

Connects bone to bone at joints it is stretchier and has more elastic fibers

A

Ligaments

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13
Q

Softer have more cells, fewer fibers

A

Loose Connective Tissue

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14
Q

Soft pliable “Cobwebby” tissue that cushions and protects the body organs; universal packaging tissue and connective tissue glue, holding internal organs together

A

Areolar Connective Tissue

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15
Q

Underlies the mucous membrane with small spaces like sponge

A

Lamina Propria

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16
Q

Term when the body region is inflamed, local areolar tissue socks up the excess fluid like sponge

A

Edema

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17
Q

Wanders through the tissue that scavenge bacteria and dead cells and other debris

A

Phagocytes

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18
Q

Fat, contrains adipocytes (adipose cells) at the subcutaneous tissue.

A

Adipose Connective Tissue

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19
Q

At limited sites forms stroma or internal framework of the organ, support free blood cells in lymphoid organs as lymph nodes.

A

Reticular Connective Tissue

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20
Q

Other cells can observe their surroundings, contains significant number of cells relative to extracellular matrix

A

Cellular Bleachers

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21
Q

Vascular tissue considered connective, surrounded by non-living fluid matrix called plasma “transport vehicle”

A

Blood

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21
Q

“Nerve glue” also known as ____ that insulate and protect the delicate neurons

A

Neuroglia, Glial cells

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22
Q

Star shaped nearly half of the neural tissue most abundant and versatile neuroglia “star shaped”

A

Astrocyte

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23
Q

Swollen ends that cling to neuron to brace and anchor their nutrient supply lines

A

Astrocyte

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24
Q

Serves as a living barrier between capillaries and neurons that determine “capillary permeability”

A

Astrocytes

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25
Q

Considered as filler a secondary importance in brain function as immune brain interaction

A

Glial cells

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26
Q

Spider-like phagocytes that monitor the health of nearby neurons and dispose debris such as dead brain cells

A

Microglia

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27
Q

Neuroglia that lines the central cavities of the brain and spinal cord

A

Ependymal cells

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27
Q

Neuroglia that wrap their flat extension tightly around the nerve fibers, producing a fatty coverings called myelin sheets

A

Oligodendrocytes

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28
Q

Tumor formed by neuroglia

A

Gliomas

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28
Q

form myelin sheets around the nerve fibers in the PNS

A

Schwann cells

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28
Q

Demyelination due to respiratory or gastrointestinal infection

A

Guillain-Barre Syndrome

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29
Q

Acts as protective, cushioning cells for peripheral neuron cells

A

Satellite cells

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30
Q

Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth

A

Muscle Tissue

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31
Q

Nerve cells that transmit messages (nerve impulses) from one another, has body and one or more slender process (dendrites, axons)

A

Neurons

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32
Q

A local (response) reaction of living vascularizes tissues to endogenous and exogeneous stimuli

A

Inflammation

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33
Q

Mechanical injuries alteration in temperatures and pressure, radiation injuries

A

physical agents

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33
Q

A physiologic (protective) response to injury

A

Inflammation

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34
Q

hypersensitivity reactions, autoimmunity, immunodeficiency

A

immunologic disorders

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34
Q

drugs and toxins

A

Chemical agents

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34
Q

bacteria, viruses, fungi parasites

A

biological agents

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34
Q

gout diabetes mellitus

A

genetic/metabolic disorders

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34
Q

Partly results from the stretch and destruction of tissues due to inflammatory edema and pus pressure in a abscess cavity

A

Pain (Dolor)

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35
Q

Immediate and early response to an injurious agent

A

Acute inflammation

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35
Q

The inflamed area is inhibited by pain while severe swelling may also physically immobilize the tissue

A

Loss of function

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35
Q

Emigration of predominantly neutrophils to the site of injury

A

Acute inflammation

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36
Q

Five Cardinals Signs of Acute Inflammation

A

Redness (Rubor)
Heat (Calor)
Swelling (Tumor)
Pain (Dolor)
Loss of function

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37
Q

Dilation of small blood vessels within damaged tissue as it occurs in cellulitis

A

Redness (Rubor)

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38
Q

Accumulation of fluid in the extravascular space which is due to increased vascular permeability

A

Swelling (Tumor)

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38
Q

Increased in blood flow (hyperemia) due to regional vascular dilation

A

Heat (Calor)

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38
Q

Blood vessel narrowing in seconds due to neurogenic or chemical stimuli

A

immediate vasoconstriction

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38
Q

Widen or increase in blood flow

A

Vasodilation

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39
Q

After increased in blood flow, __________ due to increased in ______ oozes protein-rich fluid into extravascular tissues

A

blood flow slows down and stasis (equilibrium), vascular permeability

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39
Q

The protein rich fluid in the extravascular space will occur will clinically appear as swelling

A

Exudate

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39
Q

A peripheral positioning of WBC along the endothelial cells

A

Margination

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40
Q

Rows of leukocytes tumble slowly along the endothelium

A

Rolling

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41
Q

WBC escapes from venules and small veins but only occasionally from capillaries

A

Transmigration of leukocytes

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41
Q

The endothelium can be virtually lined by the white blood cells

A

Pavementing

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42
Q

The binding of leukocytes within the endothelial facilitated by cell adhesion molecules such as:

A

Adhesion of WBC, selectins, immunoglobulins, integrins

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43
Q

Movement of leukocytes by extending pseudopodia through the vascular wall

A

Diapedesis

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44
Q

Unidirectional attraction of leukocytes from vascular channels towards the site of inflammation within the tissue space guided by chemical gradients (including bacteria and cellular debris)

A

Chemotaxis

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45
Q

Process of engulfment and internalization by specialized cells of particulate material, w/c includes invading microorganisms, damaged cells, and tissue debris.

A

Phagocytosis

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46
Q

Phagocytic cells

A

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes: Neutrophils, Monocyte and tissues macrophage

47
Q

Refers to the body’s replacement of destroyed tissue by living tissue; a closure of skin wound

A

Healing

48
Q

Cells which have a continuous turn over by programmed division of stem cells

A

Labile Cells

49
Q

Found in the surface epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract, urinary tract, or the skin

A

Labile Cells

50
Q

Cells that has a chance of regeneration are excellent

A

Labile Cells

51
Q

Cells that have normally much lower level of replication and there are a few stem cells. Their chances of regenerating are good

A

Stable Cells

51
Q

Cells of tissue undergo rapid division in response to injury

A

Stable Cells

52
Q

Non Dividing Cells

A

Permanent Cells

53
Q

The replacement of lost tissue by similar type of tissue

A

Regeneration

54
Q

Replacement of tissue by granulation which matures to form scar tissue

A

Repair (healing by scarring

55
Q

Thickening and scarring of connective tissue due to injury

A

Fibrosis

56
Q

Renewal of lost tissue in which lost cells are replaced by identical one. Wound in which only the lining epithelium is affected heals exclusively by regeneration.

A

Healing by Regeneration

57
Q

Two process of Regeneration

A
  1. Proliferation of surviving cells to replace lost tissue
  2. Migration of surviving cells into vacant space
58
Q

The orderly process by which lost tissue is eventually replaced by a scar

A

Repair (Healing by connective tissue)

59
Q

Granulation will lead to

A

Scarring

60
Q

Neurons and skeletal muscle cells can not heal by regeneration because they are called

A

Terminally Differentiated (permanent) cells

61
Q

Three Phases of granulation - tissue formation

A
  1. Phase of inflammation
  2. Phase of demolition
  3. Ingrowth of granulation tissue
62
Q

Inflammatory exudate containing polymorphs is seen in the area of tissue injury. There is platelet aggregation and fibrin deposition

A

Phase of Inflammation

63
Q

Dead cells liberate their autolytic enzymes, and other enzymes (proteolytic) come from disintegrating polymorphs. There is associated _____ these cells ingest particulate matter, either digesting or removing it.

A

Phase of demolition, Macrophage infiltration

64
Q

Characterized by proliferation of fibroblasts and an ingrowth of new blood vessels into the are injury, with a variable number of inflammatory cells.

A

Ingrowth of Granulation Tissue

65
Q

Actively synthesize and secrete extracellular matrix components, including fibronectin, collagen types I and II

A

Fibroblasts

66
Q

____ and ___ form the Scaffolding for rebuilding the matrix

A

Fibronectin and proteoglycans

67
Q

Fibronectin binds to the ____ and acts as a ______ for the recruitment of more fibroblasts and macrophages

A

Fibrin, chemotactic factor

68
Q

A collagen type predominant in Day 5 being produced

A

Collagen Type 3

69
Q

A collagen type predominant in Day 7 to 8 and eventually becomes the major collagen of mature scar tissue

A

Collagen Type 1

70
Q

Is responsible for providing tensile strength of the matrix in a scar

A

Collagen Type 1

71
Q

Proliferation and formation of new small blood vessels

A

Angiogenesis

72
Q

Responsible for removal of built collagen

A

Collagenase

73
Q

Removing of unneeded blood vessels, which then will result to a pale tissue and avascularize scar tissue

A

Vascular Involution

74
Q

A mechanical reduction in the size of defect

A

Would Contraction

75
Q

Results in a much faster healing since only one quarter to one third of the amount of destroyed tissue has to be replaced

A

Contraction

76
Q

Cause of contraction

A

myofibroblast

77
Q

Healing is determined by:

A

a. The degree of the tissue destruction
b. The capacity of the parenchymal cells to proliferate
c. The degree of destruction of stromal framework

78
Q

Sequence of Events in Healing

A
  1. Regeneration and migration of specialized cells
  2. Angiogenesis
  3. Proliferation of fibroblast and related cells
  4. Matrix protein synthesis
  5. Cessation of these response
79
Q

Skin Wound Healing - demonstrates:

A
  1. Epithelial regeneration (healing of epidermis)
  2. Repair by scarring (healing of the dermis)
80
Q

Two patterns of wound healing

A
  1. Healing by first intention (primary union)
  2. Healing by second intention (secondary union)
81
Q

The least complicated pattern of healing ex. healing of clean surgical incision

A

Healing by first intention

82
Q

Causes the death of a limited number of epithelial cells as well as dermal adnexa and connective tissue cells

A

Incision

83
Q

Is narrow and immediately fills with clotted blood, containing fibrin and blood cells

A

Incisional Space

84
Q

The scab is known for its function to cover the wound and seals the environment almost at once this is due to what?

A

Dehydration of the surface clot

85
Q

By Day 3 Neutrophils would be replaced by

A

Macrophage

86
Q

Type of tissue that progressively invades the incisional space

A

Granulation tissue

87
Q

Are now present in the margins of the incision, but the first these layers are vertically oriented and do not bridge the incision

A

Collagen fibers

88
Q

Becomes more abundant and begins to bridge the incision

A

Collagen Fibrils

88
Q

By the end of the first month the scar compromises a cellular connective tissue devoid of inflammatory infiltrate covered now by an

A

Intact epidermis

89
Q

More extensive loss of cells and tissue, as in infarction, inflammatory ulceration, abscess formation, and surface wounds that creates large defects, which the process is complicated

A

Healing by second intention (secondary union)

90
Q

The common denominator in all these situations in a second intention healing is a ___ that must be filled

A

Large tissue defect

91
Q

It delays the healing and if severe it will stop completely

A

Infection

92
Q

Due to inadequate formation of granulation tissue or an inability to form a suitable extracellular matrix

A

Deficient Scar Formation

92
Q

The ___ provides a portal of entry for many organisms

A

Wound

92
Q

Complications of deficient scar formation

A

a. Wound dehiscence & incisional hernias
b. ulceration

93
Q

Bursting of wound after abdominal surgery. Insufficient extracellular matrix is deposited or there is inadequate cross linking of the matrix, weak scars result

A

Dehiscence

94
Q

Exhaustion caused by lack of nourishment

A

Inanition

95
Q

Caused by incompletely-healed surgical wound

A

Incisional Hernia

96
Q

Following surgery into which the intestines protrude

A

Ventral Hernia

97
Q

Excessive deposition of extracellular matrix at the wound site results in a hypertrophic scar or a keloid

A

Excessive Scar Formation

98
Q

Similar to keloid but never gets worse after 6 months

A

Hypertrophic scar

99
Q

Block the healing process due to high rate of collagen synthesis

A

Maturation arrest

100
Q

Gets worse after a ear and some may even progress for 5 to 10 years

A

Keloid

101
Q

Decrease in the size of a wound depends on the presence of ______ development of cell-cell contacts and sustained cell contraction

A

Excessive Contraction, Myofibroblast

102
Q

Exaggeration of the processes results in severe deformity of the wound surrounding tissues

A

Contracture (cicatrisation)

103
Q

Arise as a result of late reduction in the size of the would

A

Contracture

104
Q

New growth as an abnormal mass of tissue, the growth of which excess and is uncoordinated with the normal tissues and persist in the same excessive manner after cessation of the stimulus, evoking the transformation or change

A

Neoplasia

105
Q

Tissues become disordered in appearance with an increase numbers of immature cells and greater variability between cell; NOT a cancer but may become a cancer

A

Dysplasia

106
Q

A structured formed during inflammation that is found in many diseases

A

Granuloma

106
Q

Mostly benign local malformation of cell that resembles neoplasm of local tissue but usually due to overgrowth of multiple aberrant cells

A

Hamartoma

106
Q

A collection of immune cells

A

Macrophage

107
Q

Nonneoplastic Misnomers

A

Granuloma, Hamartoma, Hematoma

107
Q

Malignant Misnomers

A

Melanoma. lymphoma, seminoma, glioma. hepatoma

108
Q

Tumor of melanin forming cells associated with skin cancer

A

Melanoma

109
Q

Germ cell tumor of the testicle a malignant neoplasm

A

Seminoma

110
Q

Type of tumor that starts in the glial cells of the brain or spine

A

Glioma

111
Q

Cancer of the cells of the liver

A

Hepatoma

112
Q

Malignant neoplasms of epithelial cell origin derived from any of the three germ layers

A

Carcinomas

112
Q

Malignant neoplasms arising from mesenchymal tissue

A

Sarcomas

113
Q

The extent to which parenchymal cells resembles comparable normal cells both morphologically and functionally

A

Differentiation

114
Q

Reversible replacement of one differentiated cell type with another mature differentiated cell type which may be part of normal maturation process or caused by some sort of abnormal stimulus

A

Metaplasia

115
Q

Cells resemble mature normal cells of tissue of origin

A

Well differentiated tumors

116
Q

Have primitive appearing, unspecialized cells

A

Poorly differentiated or undifferentiated tumors

117
Q

Benign neoplasms are

A

Well differentiated

118
Q

Malignant neoplasms composed of _____

A

Anaplastic, undifferentiated cells

119
Q

Morphology of anaplastic cell

A

Pleomorphic; hyperchromatic nucleus with high nuclear cytoplasmic ration 1:1 (normally 1:4 to 1:6) it reveals a large nucleoli with high and often abnormal mitoses

120
Q

The well differentiated the neoplasm the more completely it retains the functional capabilities found in its normal counterparts

A

Functional differentiation

121
Q

Varies in size, shape and staining of cells and/or their nuclei

A

Pleomorphic

122
Q

High anaplastic or undifferentiated cells of what cell tissue of origin come to resemble each other functionally and morphologically more than the normal cells

A

Chemical convergence

123
Q

Most benign tumors grow

A

slowly

124
Q

Most malignant tumors grows

A

rapidly

124
Q

The growth rate of neoplasms correlate with their level of

A

Differentiation

125
Q

Known as fibroids a benign smooth muscle tumor

A

leiomyoma

126
Q

Nearly all benign neoplasms grow as ____ that remains localized to their site of origin and do not have the capacity to invade or metastasize

A

Cohesive expansile masses

127
Q

Rims of fibrous capsules are ____ mostly benign at neoplasms

A

encapsulated

127
Q

Tend to contain the benign neoplasms as a discrete, rapidly pliable ad easily movable mass that can easily surgically enucleated (remove the tumor)

A

encapsulations

128
Q

Is accompanied by progressive infiltration, invasion and destruction of the surrounding tissue

A

Growth of Malignant Neoplasms

129
Q

Is next to the development of metastasis, differentiates malignant from benign neoplasms

A

Invasiveness

130
Q

Are the favored invasive path for most malignant neoplasms due to the elaboration of some enzymes such as type IV collagenases

A

connective tissue

130
Q

Much more resistant to invasion than are veins and lymphatic channels due to its increased elastic fibers contents and its thickened wall

A

Arteries

131
Q

A transfer of malignant cells from one site to another not directly connected with it

A

Metastasis

132
Q

Is the probably the most resistant of all tissues to invasion, due to the biologic stability and slow turnover of cartilage

A

Cartilage

133
Q

Most reliable sign of malignancy

A

Metastasis

134
Q

Permits them to penerate in to the blood vessel, lymphatic and body cavities providing the opportunity to spread

A

Invasiveness of Cancers

135
Q

Organs least favored for metastatic spread include

A

striated muscles and spleen

135
Q

Tissues or organs enlarged due to some irritants or conditions that stimulate the cell

A

Hyperplasia

136
Q

Malignant neoplasms composed of undifferentiated cell (young)

A

Anaplasia

137
Q

Decreased in size of organ or tissue due to loss or creased stimulation

A

Atrophy

138
Q

Increased in size of cells

A

Hypertophy

Anaphy lab (3 decks)

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