Skin Chapter 4 Flashcards
1
Q
Four types of tissue
A
Epithelial Tissue
Muscle Tissue
Connective Tissue
Nervous Tissue
2
Q
Flattened fish scale like
A
Simple squamous
3
Q
Like columns
A
Simple columnar
3
Q
Cube shaped
A
Cuboidal
4
Q
At the free surface of the epith membrane
A
Stratified Epithelial
4
Q
Encounters friction, many layers of flattened cells
A
Stratified Squamous
5
Q
For stretching, and it can’t be distinguished
A
Transitional Epithelial (
6
Q
Has a inside thing secretion in protein
A
Glandular Epithelial
7
Q
_____ It is well vascularized, and it is made up of many different types of cells with non living substances called _____
A
Connective tissue, extracellular matrix
8
Q
It makes up the bone _____ that is maintained by ____ that can be located in cavities called ____, with calcium salts and collagen fibers that protects the body organs
A
osseous tissue, osteocyte, lacunae
8
Q
A type of connective tissue that is a hard matrix made up of osseous tissue
A
Bone
9
Q
It is a less hard matrix, more flexible, and few cells. It is considered avascular
A
Cartilage
10
Q
____ Abundant in collagen fibers hidden by a rubbery matrix _____ attaches to the breastbone, trachea and cover bone ends at joins
A
Hyaline cartilage
10
Q
Attach skeletal muscles to bones
A
Tendons
11
Q
Highly compressible, cushion like disk between vertebrae of spinal column
A
Fibrocartilage
11
Q
Three types of cartilage
A
Hyaline Cartilage
Fibrocartilage
Elastic Cartilage
11
Q
External ear
A
Elastic Cartilage
12
Q
Main matrix elements are collagen fibers which make the lower layer of the skin (dermis)
A
Dense Connective Tissue or Dense Fibrous Tissue
12
Q
Connects bone to bone at joints it is stretchier and has more elastic fibers
A
Ligaments
13
Q
Softer have more cells, fewer fibers
A
Loose Connective Tissue
14
Q
Soft pliable “Cobwebby” tissue that cushions and protects the body organs; universal packaging tissue and connective tissue glue, holding internal organs together
A
Areolar Connective Tissue
15
Q
Underlies the mucous membrane with small spaces like sponge
A
Lamina Propria
16
Q
Term when the body region is inflamed, local areolar tissue socks up the excess fluid like sponge
A
Edema
17
Q
Wanders through the tissue that scavenge bacteria and dead cells and other debris
A
Phagocytes
18
Fat, contrains adipocytes (adipose cells) at the subcutaneous tissue.
Adipose Connective Tissue
19
At limited sites forms stroma or internal framework of the organ, support free blood cells in lymphoid organs as lymph nodes.
Reticular Connective Tissue
20
Other cells can observe their surroundings, contains significant number of cells relative to extracellular matrix
Cellular Bleachers
21
Vascular tissue considered connective, surrounded by non-living fluid matrix called plasma "transport vehicle"
Blood
21
"Nerve glue" also known as ____ that insulate and protect the delicate neurons
Neuroglia, Glial cells
22
Star shaped nearly half of the neural tissue most abundant and versatile neuroglia "star shaped"
Astrocyte
23
Swollen ends that cling to neuron to brace and anchor their nutrient supply lines
Astrocyte
24
Serves as a living barrier between capillaries and neurons that determine "capillary permeability"
Astrocytes
25
Considered as filler a secondary importance in brain function as immune brain interaction
Glial cells
26
Spider-like phagocytes that monitor the health of nearby neurons and dispose debris such as dead brain cells
Microglia
27
Neuroglia that lines the central cavities of the brain and spinal cord
Ependymal cells
27
Neuroglia that wrap their flat extension tightly around the nerve fibers, producing a fatty coverings called myelin sheets
Oligodendrocytes
28
Tumor formed by neuroglia
Gliomas
28
form myelin sheets around the nerve fibers in the PNS
Schwann cells
28
Demyelination due to respiratory or gastrointestinal infection
Guillain-Barre Syndrome
29
Acts as protective, cushioning cells for peripheral neuron cells
Satellite cells
30
Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth
Muscle Tissue
31
Nerve cells that transmit messages (nerve impulses) from one another, has body and one or more slender process (dendrites, axons)
Neurons
32
A local (response) reaction of living vascularizes tissues to endogenous and exogeneous stimuli
Inflammation
33
Mechanical injuries alteration in temperatures and pressure, radiation injuries
physical agents
33
A physiologic (protective) response to injury
Inflammation
34
hypersensitivity reactions, autoimmunity, immunodeficiency
immunologic disorders
34
drugs and toxins
Chemical agents
34
bacteria, viruses, fungi parasites
biological agents
34
gout diabetes mellitus
genetic/metabolic disorders
34
Partly results from the stretch and destruction of tissues due to inflammatory edema and pus pressure in a abscess cavity
Pain (Dolor)
35
Immediate and early response to an injurious agent
Acute inflammation
35
The inflamed area is inhibited by pain while severe swelling may also physically immobilize the tissue
Loss of function
35
Emigration of predominantly neutrophils to the site of injury
Acute inflammation
36
Five Cardinals Signs of Acute Inflammation
Redness (Rubor)
Heat (Calor)
Swelling (Tumor)
Pain (Dolor)
Loss of function
37
Dilation of small blood vessels within damaged tissue as it occurs in cellulitis
Redness (Rubor)
38
Accumulation of fluid in the extravascular space which is due to increased vascular permeability
Swelling (Tumor)
38
Increased in blood flow (hyperemia) due to regional vascular dilation
Heat (Calor)
38
Blood vessel narrowing in seconds due to neurogenic or chemical stimuli
immediate vasoconstriction
38
Widen or increase in blood flow
Vasodilation
39
After increased in blood flow, __________ due to increased in ______ oozes protein-rich fluid into extravascular tissues
blood flow slows down and stasis (equilibrium), vascular permeability
39
The protein rich fluid in the extravascular space will occur will clinically appear as swelling
Exudate
39
A peripheral positioning of WBC along the endothelial cells
Margination
40
Rows of leukocytes tumble slowly along the endothelium
Rolling
41
WBC escapes from venules and small veins but only occasionally from capillaries
Transmigration of leukocytes
41
The endothelium can be virtually lined by the white blood cells
Pavementing
42
The binding of leukocytes within the endothelial facilitated by cell adhesion molecules such as:
Adhesion of WBC, selectins, immunoglobulins, integrins
43
Movement of leukocytes by extending pseudopodia through the vascular wall
Diapedesis
44
Unidirectional attraction of leukocytes from vascular channels towards the site of inflammation within the tissue space guided by chemical gradients (including bacteria and cellular debris)
Chemotaxis
45
Process of engulfment and internalization by specialized cells of particulate material, w/c includes invading microorganisms, damaged cells, and tissue debris.
Phagocytosis
46
Phagocytic cells
Polymorphonuclear leukocytes: Neutrophils, Monocyte and tissues macrophage
47
Refers to the body's replacement of destroyed tissue by living tissue; a closure of skin wound
Healing
48
Cells which have a continuous turn over by programmed division of stem cells
Labile Cells
49
Found in the surface epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract, urinary tract, or the skin
Labile Cells
50
Cells that has a chance of regeneration are excellent
Labile Cells
51
Cells that have normally much lower level of replication and there are a few stem cells. Their chances of regenerating are good
Stable Cells
51
Cells of tissue undergo rapid division in response to injury
Stable Cells
52
Non Dividing Cells
Permanent Cells
53
The replacement of lost tissue by similar type of tissue
Regeneration
54
Replacement of tissue by granulation which matures to form scar tissue
Repair (healing by scarring
55
Thickening and scarring of connective tissue due to injury
Fibrosis
56
Renewal of lost tissue in which lost cells are replaced by identical one. Wound in which only the lining epithelium is affected heals exclusively by regeneration.
Healing by Regeneration
57
Two process of Regeneration
1. Proliferation of surviving cells to replace lost tissue
2. Migration of surviving cells into vacant space
58
The orderly process by which lost tissue is eventually replaced by a scar
Repair (Healing by connective tissue)
59
Granulation will lead to
Scarring
60
Neurons and skeletal muscle cells can not heal by regeneration because they are called
Terminally Differentiated (permanent) cells
61
Three Phases of granulation - tissue formation
1. Phase of inflammation
2. Phase of demolition
3. Ingrowth of granulation tissue
62
Inflammatory exudate containing polymorphs is seen in the area of tissue injury. There is platelet aggregation and fibrin deposition
Phase of Inflammation
63
Dead cells liberate their autolytic enzymes, and other enzymes (proteolytic) come from disintegrating polymorphs. There is associated _____ these cells ingest particulate matter, either digesting or removing it.
Phase of demolition, Macrophage infiltration
64
Characterized by proliferation of fibroblasts and an ingrowth of new blood vessels into the are injury, with a variable number of inflammatory cells.
Ingrowth of Granulation Tissue
65
Actively synthesize and secrete extracellular matrix components, including fibronectin, collagen types I and II
Fibroblasts
66
____ and ___ form the Scaffolding for rebuilding the matrix
Fibronectin and proteoglycans
67
Fibronectin binds to the ____ and acts as a ______ for the recruitment of more fibroblasts and macrophages
Fibrin, chemotactic factor
68
A collagen type predominant in Day 5 being produced
Collagen Type 3
69
A collagen type predominant in Day 7 to 8 and eventually becomes the major collagen of mature scar tissue
Collagen Type 1
70
Is responsible for providing tensile strength of the matrix in a scar
Collagen Type 1
71
Proliferation and formation of new small blood vessels
Angiogenesis
72
Responsible for removal of built collagen
Collagenase
73
Removing of unneeded blood vessels, which then will result to a pale tissue and avascularize scar tissue
Vascular Involution
74
A mechanical reduction in the size of defect
Would Contraction
75
Results in a much faster healing since only one quarter to one third of the amount of destroyed tissue has to be replaced
Contraction
76
Cause of contraction
myofibroblast
77
Healing is determined by:
a. The degree of the tissue destruction
b. The capacity of the parenchymal cells to proliferate
c. The degree of destruction of stromal framework
78
Sequence of Events in Healing
1. Regeneration and migration of specialized cells
2. Angiogenesis
3. Proliferation of fibroblast and related cells
4. Matrix protein synthesis
5. Cessation of these response
79
Skin Wound Healing - demonstrates:
1. Epithelial regeneration (healing of epidermis)
2. Repair by scarring (healing of the dermis)
80
Two patterns of wound healing
1. Healing by first intention (primary union)
2. Healing by second intention (secondary union)
81
The least complicated pattern of healing ex. healing of clean surgical incision
Healing by first intention
82
Causes the death of a limited number of epithelial cells as well as dermal adnexa and connective tissue cells
Incision
83
Is narrow and immediately fills with clotted blood, containing fibrin and blood cells
Incisional Space
84
The scab is known for its function to cover the wound and seals the environment almost at once this is due to what?
Dehydration of the surface clot
85
By Day 3 Neutrophils would be replaced by
Macrophage
86
Type of tissue that progressively invades the incisional space
Granulation tissue
87
Are now present in the margins of the incision, but the first these layers are vertically oriented and do not bridge the incision
Collagen fibers
88
Becomes more abundant and begins to bridge the incision
Collagen Fibrils
88
By the end of the first month the scar compromises a cellular connective tissue devoid of inflammatory infiltrate covered now by an
Intact epidermis
89
More extensive loss of cells and tissue, as in infarction, inflammatory ulceration, abscess formation, and surface wounds that creates large defects, which the process is complicated
Healing by second intention (secondary union)
90
The common denominator in all these situations in a second intention healing is a ___ that must be filled
Large tissue defect
91
It delays the healing and if severe it will stop completely
Infection
92
Due to inadequate formation of granulation tissue or an inability to form a suitable extracellular matrix
Deficient Scar Formation
92
The ___ provides a portal of entry for many organisms
Wound
92
Complications of deficient scar formation
a. Wound dehiscence & incisional hernias
b. ulceration
93
Bursting of wound after abdominal surgery. Insufficient extracellular matrix is deposited or there is inadequate cross linking of the matrix, weak scars result
Dehiscence
94
Exhaustion caused by lack of nourishment
Inanition
95
Caused by incompletely-healed surgical wound
Incisional Hernia
96
Following surgery into which the intestines protrude
Ventral Hernia
97
Excessive deposition of extracellular matrix at the wound site results in a hypertrophic scar or a keloid
Excessive Scar Formation
98
Similar to keloid but never gets worse after 6 months
Hypertrophic scar
99
Block the healing process due to high rate of collagen synthesis
Maturation arrest
100
Gets worse after a ear and some may even progress for 5 to 10 years
Keloid
101
Decrease in the size of a wound depends on the presence of ______ development of cell-cell contacts and sustained cell contraction
Excessive Contraction, Myofibroblast
102
Exaggeration of the processes results in severe deformity of the wound surrounding tissues
Contracture (cicatrisation)
103
Arise as a result of late reduction in the size of the would
Contracture
104
New growth as an abnormal mass of tissue, the growth of which excess and is uncoordinated with the normal tissues and persist in the same excessive manner after cessation of the stimulus, evoking the transformation or change
Neoplasia
105
Tissues become disordered in appearance with an increase numbers of immature cells and greater variability between cell; NOT a cancer but may become a cancer
Dysplasia
106
A structured formed during inflammation that is found in many diseases
Granuloma
106
Mostly benign local malformation of cell that resembles neoplasm of local tissue but usually due to overgrowth of multiple aberrant cells
Hamartoma
106
A collection of immune cells
Macrophage
107
Nonneoplastic Misnomers
Granuloma, Hamartoma, Hematoma
107
Malignant Misnomers
Melanoma. lymphoma, seminoma, glioma. hepatoma
108
Tumor of melanin forming cells associated with skin cancer
Melanoma
109
Germ cell tumor of the testicle a malignant neoplasm
Seminoma
110
Type of tumor that starts in the glial cells of the brain or spine
Glioma
111
Cancer of the cells of the liver
Hepatoma
112
Malignant neoplasms of epithelial cell origin derived from any of the three germ layers
Carcinomas
112
Malignant neoplasms arising from mesenchymal tissue
Sarcomas
113
The extent to which parenchymal cells resembles comparable normal cells both morphologically and functionally
Differentiation
114
Reversible replacement of one differentiated cell type with another mature differentiated cell type which may be part of normal maturation process or caused by some sort of abnormal stimulus
Metaplasia
115
Cells resemble mature normal cells of tissue of origin
Well differentiated tumors
116
Have primitive appearing, unspecialized cells
Poorly differentiated or undifferentiated tumors
117
Benign neoplasms are
Well differentiated
118
Malignant neoplasms composed of _____
Anaplastic, undifferentiated cells
119
Morphology of anaplastic cell
Pleomorphic; hyperchromatic nucleus with high nuclear cytoplasmic ration 1:1 (normally 1:4 to 1:6) it reveals a large nucleoli with high and often abnormal mitoses
120
The well differentiated the neoplasm the more completely it retains the functional capabilities found in its normal counterparts
Functional differentiation
121
Varies in size, shape and staining of cells and/or their nuclei
Pleomorphic
122
High anaplastic or undifferentiated cells of what cell tissue of origin come to resemble each other functionally and morphologically more than the normal cells
Chemical convergence
123
Most benign tumors grow
slowly
124
Most malignant tumors grows
rapidly
124
The growth rate of neoplasms correlate with their level of
Differentiation
125
Known as fibroids a benign smooth muscle tumor
leiomyoma
126
Nearly all benign neoplasms grow as ____ that remains localized to their site of origin and do not have the capacity to invade or metastasize
Cohesive expansile masses
127
Rims of fibrous capsules are ____ mostly benign at neoplasms
encapsulated
127
Tend to contain the benign neoplasms as a discrete, rapidly pliable ad easily movable mass that can easily surgically enucleated (remove the tumor)
encapsulations
128
Is accompanied by progressive infiltration, invasion and destruction of the surrounding tissue
Growth of Malignant Neoplasms
129
Is next to the development of metastasis, differentiates malignant from benign neoplasms
Invasiveness
130
Are the favored invasive path for most malignant neoplasms due to the elaboration of some enzymes such as type IV collagenases
connective tissue
130
Much more resistant to invasion than are veins and lymphatic channels due to its increased elastic fibers contents and its thickened wall
Arteries
131
A transfer of malignant cells from one site to another not directly connected with it
Metastasis
132
Is the probably the most resistant of all tissues to invasion, due to the biologic stability and slow turnover of cartilage
Cartilage
133
Most reliable sign of malignancy
Metastasis
134
Permits them to penerate in to the blood vessel, lymphatic and body cavities providing the opportunity to spread
Invasiveness of Cancers
135
Organs least favored for metastatic spread include
striated muscles and spleen
135
Tissues or organs enlarged due to some irritants or conditions that stimulate the cell
Hyperplasia
136
Malignant neoplasms composed of undifferentiated cell (young)
Anaplasia
137
Decreased in size of organ or tissue due to loss or creased stimulation
Atrophy
138
Increased in size of cells
Hypertophy
