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Anaphy lab > Integumentary system > Flashcards

Integumentary system Flashcards

1
Q

largest organ of the body that forms a physical barrier between the exteral environment and the internal environment that it serves
to protect and maintain.

A

integumentary system

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2
Q

outermost layer of skin, provides a waterproof barrier and creates our skin tone.

A

Epidermis

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3
Q

beneath the epidermis, contains tough connective tissue, hair follicles, and sweat glands.

A

Dermis

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4
Q

the deeper subcutaneous tissue made of fat (adipose tissue) and connective tissue; is NOT considered part of the skin

A

Hypodermis

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5
Q

(no blood supply of its own)

A

avascular

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6
Q

The epidermis is composed of four or five layers or (strata)

A

stratum basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, and corneum.

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7
Q

Most cells of the epidermis are keratinocytes (keratin cells). which produce keratin, tne fibrous protein that makes the epidermis a tough protective layer.

A

Keratinocytes

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8
Q

deepest (basal) layer of the epidermis,

A

Stratum basale

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9
Q

this basal layer contains epidermal cells that receive the most adequate nourishment via _______ of nutrients from the _____

A

diffusion, dermis

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10
Q

Its cells constantly undergo cell division to produce millions of new cells daily (What layer) (and called)

A

regeneration, Stratum Basale

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11
Q

Stratum Basale also called

A

stratum germinativum

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12
Q

About a quarter (1/4) of the cells ni this layer are spidery, brown-to- black pigment-producing cells

A

melanocytes

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13
Q

As the epidermal layers move away from the dermis and become part of the more superficial layers; cells appear spiky as the skin is prepared for histological examination, but their desmosomes hold tigh

A

Stratum spinosum (spiny layer)

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14
Q

add color ot the skin and provide protection from UV. Skin tans due to melanin production that increases when exposed to sunlight.

A

Melanocytes

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15
Q

Upon reaching the stratum granulosum, the layers become

A

flatter and increasingly full of keratin

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15
Q

Cell division also occur in this layer, but less often than in basal layer.

A

Stratum spinosum (spiky layer)

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15
Q

Some granules contain _____ that is secreted into the extracellular space; others contains subunits of keratin; at the upper border of this layer, the cells are beginning to die.

A

waterproofing glycolipid

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16
Q

are specialized adhesive protein complexes that localize to Intercellular junctions and are responsible for maintaining the mechanical Integrity of tissues.

A

Desmosomes

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17
Q

abundant granules in its cells

A

Stratum granulosum (granular layer)

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18
Q

Finally, they die, forming a thin translucent band of flattened dead keratinocytes; this latter epidermal layer is not present in al skin regions, it occurs only where the skin is hairless and extra thick, that is, on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet.

A

Stratum lucidum (clear layer)

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19
Q

the outermost layer, the stratum corneum, is 20 to 30 cells layers thick but it accounts for about three-quarters of epidermal thickness; it rubs and flakes of slowly and steadily as the dandruff familiar to everyone; then, this layer is replaced by cells produced by the division of the deeper stratum basale cells.

A

Stratum corneum (horny layer)

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20
Q

Cells that are only present in hands and feet

A

Merkel Cells

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21
Q

The shinglelike dead cell remnants, completely filled with keratin, are referred to as ____ or horny cells.

A

Cornfied cells

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22
Q

Is an exceptionally tough protein; its abundance in the stratum corneum alows that layer ot provide a durable “overcoat” for the body, which protects deeper cells from the hostile external environment.

A

Keratin

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23
Q

a pigment that ranges ni color from yelow to brown to black, is produced by special spider-shaped cells called____ found chiefly in the ____

A

Melanin, Melanocyte, Stratum Basale

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24
Q

As the melanocytes produce melanin, it accumulates within them in membrane-bound granules called_____ these granules then move to the ends of the spidery arms of the melanocytes, where they are taken up by nearby ______

A

Melanosomes, Keratinocytes

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25
Q

mostly made up of dense connective tissue.

A

Dermis

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26
Q

The ____ making up the dermis consists of two major regions- the papillary and reticular regions.

A

dense (fibrous) connective tissue

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27
Q

is the upper dermal region;it is uneven and has peglike (fingerlike) projections from its superior surface called ________ which indent (attach to) the epidermis above and contain _______ which furnish nutrients to the epidermis and allow heat to radiate to the skin surface; it also has _________ that form looped and whorled ridges on the epidermal surface that increase friction and enhance the gripping ability of the fingers and feet.

A

Papillary layer, Dermal Papillae, capillary loops, papillary patterns,

27
Q

The pain and touch receptors are in papillary layer

A

Meissner’s corpuscles

28
Q

is the deepest skin layer; it contains blood vessels, sweat and oil (sebacecus) glands, and deep pressure receptors

A

Reticular Layer, Pacinian corpuscles

29
Q

are responsible for the toughness of the dermis; they also attract and (hoid) bind water and thus help to keep the skin hydrated.

A

Collagen fibers

30
Q

fi the environment is cool, blood bypasses the ____

A

dermis capillaries

30
Q

The dermis is abundantly supplied with ____ that play a role in maintaining body temperature homeostasis;

A

Blood vessels

30
Q

when body temperature is high, the capillaries of the dermis becomes _________ increased in _______ or swollen

A

engorged, vascularity

30
Q

give the skin its elasticity when we are young, and as we age, the number of
Fibroblasts, adipose cells and various types of phagocytes and other cell types are found throughout the dermis.

A

Elastic fibers

30
Q

The dermis also has a rich ___ many of the nerve endings have specialized receptor end-organs that send messages to the central nervous system for interpretation when they are stimulated by environmental factors.

A

Nerve supply.

30
Q

As these glands are formed by the cells of the stratum basale, they push into deeper skin regions and ultimately reside almost entirely in the dermis.

A

Cutaneous Glands

31
Q

are found all over the skin, except on the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet; their ducts usually empty into a hair follicle;

A

Sebaceous (oil) glands.

31
Q

The cutaneous glands are all _____ hat release their secretions to the skin surface via ducts

They fall into two groups:

A

Exocrine glands.

Sebaceous glands and Sweat glands

31
Q

the product of the sebaceous glands ________ is a mixture of oily substances and fragmented cells a lubricant that keeps the skin soft and moist and prevents the hair from becoming brittle.

A

sebum

31
Q

Sweat glands. also called

A

sudoriferous glands

32
Q

are widely distributed in the skin, and there are two types: ____ and _____

A

sweat glands

eccrine glands and apocrine gland

33
Q

are far more numerous and are found all over the body; they produce sweat, a clear secretion that is primarily water plus some salts, vitamin C, trace of metabolic wastes, and lactic acid; the ______ are also a part of the body’s heat regulating equipment.

A

eccrine glands

33
Q

accumulation of dried sebum and bacteria in the hair follicle Acne - due to active infection of the sebaceous glands

A

Blackheads

33
Q

hair is produced by

A

hair follicle

34
Q

are largely confined to the axillary and genital areas of the body; they are usually larger than eccrine glands and their ducts empty into hair follicles; their secretion contain fatty acids and proteins, as well as ali substances present in eccrine secretion; they begin to function during puberty under the influence of ____

A

apocrine glands, androgens

34
Q

mixture of cily substances and fragmented cells that acts as a natural skin cream or lubricant that keeps the skin soft and moist.

A

Sebum

35
Q

touch receptors respond and awareness of the stimulus declines or lost until some type of stimulus change occur (duration of sensation)
Hair and Hair Follicles

A

Adaptation of Touch Receptors

35
Q

produced by a hair follicle, is a flexible epithelial structure.

A

hair

35
Q

the ability to determine which portion of the skin has been touched

A

Tactile localization

35
Q

The part of the hair enclosed in the follicle is the

A

root

35
Q

The part projecting from the surface of the scalp or skin is called

A

Shaft

36
Q

The hair is formed by division of a

A

stratum basale epithelial cells in the matrix (growth zone) of the hair bulb at the inferior end of the follicle.

37
Q

The cortex is enclosed by an outermost ___ formed by a single layer of cells that overlap one another like shingles on the roof; this arrangement helps to keep the hairs apart

A

Cuticle

38
Q

Each hair is made up of a central core called the _____ and surrounded by a bulky ____ layer.

A

medulla, cortex

39
Q

is the most heavily keratinized region: it provides strength and helps keep the inner hair layers tightly compacted.

A

Cuticle

39
Q

Hair pigment is made by ____ in the ____ and varying amounts of different types of melanin combine to produce all varieties of hair color from pale blond to pitch black.

A

melanocytes in the hair bulb,

40
Q

are actually compound structures.

A

Hair follicles

41
Q

is actually dermal connective tissue; this dermal region supplies blood vessels to the epidermal portion and reinforces it.

A

dermal sheath

41
Q

is composed of epithelial tissue and forms the hair.

A

epidermal sheath

42
Q

Its nipplelike papilla provides the blood supply to the matrix ni the hair bulb.

A

Papilla

43
Q

Small bands of smooth muscle cells ___ onnect each side of the hair follicle to the dermal tissue; when these muscles contract, the hair is puled upright, dimpling the skin surface with “goosebumps”

A

Arrector pili.

44
Q

is a scalelike modification of the epidermis that corresponds to the hoof or claw of other animals.

A

nail

45
Q

The borders of the nail are overlapped by skin folds, called

A

nail folds

46
Q

The thick proximal nail fold is commonly called the

A

Cuticle

47
Q

The stratum basale of the epidermis extends beneath the nail as the

A

nail bed

48
Q

Its thickened proximal area ________ , is responsible for nail growth

A

Nail matrix

49
Q

Nails are transparent and nearly coloress, but they loo‹ pink because of the

A

rich blood supply in the underlying dermis.

50
Q

The exception to the pinkish color of the nails is the region over the thickened nail matrix that appears as a white crescent and is called the

A

Lunula

50
Q

is the skin, the living tissue. . So fi the skin is attached to the
nail plate it’s still the

A

Eponychium.

51
Q

is non living tissue that is attached directly to the nail plate.

A

Cuticle

Anaphy lab (3 decks)

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