Integumentary system

Question 1

largest organ of the body that forms a physical barrier between the exteral environment and the internal environment that it serves
to protect and maintain.

Answer 1

integumentary system

Question 2

outermost layer of skin, provides a waterproof barrier and creates our skin tone.

Answer 2

Epidermis

Question 3

beneath the epidermis, contains tough connective tissue, hair follicles, and sweat glands.

Answer 3

Dermis

Question 4

the deeper subcutaneous tissue made of fat (adipose tissue) and connective tissue; is NOT considered part of the skin

Answer 4

Hypodermis

Question 5

(no blood supply of its own)

Answer 5

avascular

Question 6

The epidermis is composed of four or five layers or (strata)

Answer 6

stratum basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, and corneum.

Question 7

Most cells of the epidermis are keratinocytes (keratin cells). which produce keratin, tne fibrous protein that makes the epidermis a tough protective layer.

Answer 7

Keratinocytes

Question 8

deepest (basal) layer of the epidermis,

Answer 8

Stratum basale

Question 9

this basal layer contains epidermal cells that receive the most adequate nourishment via _______ of nutrients from the _____

Answer 9

diffusion, dermis

Question 10

Its cells constantly undergo cell division to produce millions of new cells daily (What layer) (and called)

Answer 10

regeneration, Stratum Basale

Question 11

Stratum Basale also called

Answer 11

stratum germinativum

Question 12

About a quarter (1/4) of the cells ni this layer are spidery, brown-to- black pigment-producing cells

Answer 12

melanocytes

Question 13

As the epidermal layers move away from the dermis and become part of the more superficial layers; cells appear spiky as the skin is prepared for histological examination, but their desmosomes hold tigh

Answer 13

Stratum spinosum (spiny layer)

Question 14

add color ot the skin and provide protection from UV. Skin tans due to melanin production that increases when exposed to sunlight.

Answer 14

Melanocytes

Question 15

Upon reaching the stratum granulosum, the layers become

Answer 15

flatter and increasingly full of keratin

Question 15

Cell division also occur in this layer, but less often than in basal layer.

Answer 15

Stratum spinosum (spiky layer)

Question 15

Some granules contain _____ that is secreted into the extracellular space; others contains subunits of keratin; at the upper border of this layer, the cells are beginning to die.

Answer 15

waterproofing glycolipid

Question 16

are specialized adhesive protein complexes that localize to Intercellular junctions and are responsible for maintaining the mechanical Integrity of tissues.

Answer 16

Desmosomes

Question 17

abundant granules in its cells

Answer 17

Stratum granulosum (granular layer)

Question 18

Finally, they die, forming a thin translucent band of flattened dead keratinocytes; this latter epidermal layer is not present in al skin regions, it occurs only where the skin is hairless and extra thick, that is, on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet.

Answer 18

Stratum lucidum (clear layer)

Question 19

the outermost layer, the stratum corneum, is 20 to 30 cells layers thick but it accounts for about three-quarters of epidermal thickness; it rubs and flakes of slowly and steadily as the dandruff familiar to everyone; then, this layer is replaced by cells produced by the division of the deeper stratum basale cells.

Answer 19

Stratum corneum (horny layer)

Question 20

Cells that are only present in hands and feet

Answer 20

Merkel Cells

Question 21

The shinglelike dead cell remnants, completely filled with keratin, are referred to as ____ or horny cells.

Answer 21

Cornfied cells

Question 22

Is an exceptionally tough protein; its abundance in the stratum corneum alows that layer ot provide a durable “overcoat” for the body, which protects deeper cells from the hostile external environment.

Answer 22

Keratin

Question 23

a pigment that ranges ni color from yelow to brown to black, is produced by special spider-shaped cells called____ found chiefly in the ____

Answer 23

Melanin, Melanocyte, Stratum Basale

Question 24

As the melanocytes produce melanin, it accumulates within them in membrane-bound granules called_____ these granules then move to the ends of the spidery arms of the melanocytes, where they are taken up by nearby ______

Answer 24

Melanosomes, Keratinocytes

Question 25

mostly made up of dense connective tissue.

Answer 25

Dermis

Question 26

The ____ making up the dermis consists of two major regions- the papillary and reticular regions.

Answer 26

dense (fibrous) connective tissue

Question 27

is the upper dermal region;it is uneven and has peglike (fingerlike) projections from its superior surface called ________ which indent (attach to) the epidermis above and contain _______ which furnish nutrients to the epidermis and allow heat to radiate to the skin surface; it also has _________ that form looped and whorled ridges on the epidermal surface that increase friction and enhance the gripping ability of the fingers and feet.

Answer 27

Papillary layer, Dermal Papillae, capillary loops, papillary patterns,

Question 27

The pain and touch receptors are in papillary layer

Answer 27

Meissner's corpuscles

Question 28

is the deepest skin layer; it contains blood vessels, sweat and oil (sebacecus) glands, and deep pressure receptors

Answer 28

Reticular Layer, Pacinian corpuscles

Question 29

are responsible for the toughness of the dermis; they also attract and (hoid) bind water and thus help to keep the skin hydrated.

Answer 29

Collagen fibers

Question 30

fi the environment is cool, blood bypasses the ____

Answer 30

dermis capillaries

Question 30

The dermis is abundantly supplied with ____ that play a role in maintaining body temperature homeostasis;

Answer 30

Blood vessels

Question 30

when body temperature is high, the capillaries of the dermis becomes _________ increased in _______ or swollen

Answer 30

engorged, vascularity

Question 30

give the skin its elasticity when we are young, and as we age, the number of Fibroblasts, adipose cells and various types of phagocytes and other cell types are found throughout the dermis.

Answer 30

Elastic fibers

Question 30

The dermis also has a rich ___ many of the nerve endings have specialized receptor end-organs that send messages to the central nervous system for interpretation when they are stimulated by environmental factors.

Answer 30

Nerve supply.

Question 30

As these glands are formed by the cells of the stratum basale, they push into deeper skin regions and ultimately reside almost entirely in the dermis.

Answer 30

Cutaneous Glands

Question 31

are found all over the skin, except on the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet; their ducts usually empty into a hair follicle;

Answer 31

Sebaceous (oil) glands.

Question 31

The cutaneous glands are all _____ hat release their secretions to the skin surface via ducts They fall into two groups:

Answer 31

Exocrine glands. Sebaceous glands and Sweat glands

Question 31

the product of the sebaceous glands ________ is a mixture of oily substances and fragmented cells a lubricant that keeps the skin soft and moist and prevents the hair from becoming brittle.

Answer 31

sebum

Question 31

Sweat glands. also called

Answer 31

sudoriferous glands

Question 32

are widely distributed in the skin, and there are two types: ____ and _____

Answer 32

sweat glands eccrine glands and apocrine gland

Question 33

are far more numerous and are found all over the body; they produce sweat, a clear secretion that is primarily water plus some salts, vitamin C, trace of metabolic wastes, and lactic acid; the ______ are also a part of the body's heat regulating equipment.

Answer 33

eccrine glands

Question 33

accumulation of dried sebum and bacteria in the hair follicle Acne - due to active infection of the sebaceous glands

Answer 33

Blackheads

Question 33

hair is produced by

Answer 33

hair follicle

Question 34

are largely confined to the axillary and genital areas of the body; they are usually larger than eccrine glands and their ducts empty into hair follicles; their secretion contain fatty acids and proteins, as well as ali substances present in eccrine secretion; they begin to function during puberty under the influence of ____

Answer 34

apocrine glands, androgens

Question 34

mixture of cily substances and fragmented cells that acts as a natural skin cream or lubricant that keeps the skin soft and moist.

Answer 34

Sebum

Question 35

touch receptors respond and awareness of the stimulus declines or lost until some type of stimulus change occur (duration of sensation) Hair and Hair Follicles

Answer 35

Adaptation of Touch Receptors

Question 35

produced by a hair follicle, is a flexible epithelial structure.

Answer 35

hair

Question 35

the ability to determine which portion of the skin has been touched

Answer 35

Tactile localization

Question 35

The part of the hair enclosed in the follicle is the

Answer 35

root

Question 35

The part projecting from the surface of the scalp or skin is called

Answer 35

Shaft

Question 36

The hair is formed by division of a

Answer 36

stratum basale epithelial cells in the matrix (growth zone) of the hair bulb at the inferior end of the follicle.

Question 37

The cortex is enclosed by an outermost ___ formed by a single layer of cells that overlap one another like shingles on the roof; this arrangement helps to keep the hairs apart

Answer 37

Cuticle

Question 38

Each hair is made up of a central core called the _____ and surrounded by a bulky ____ layer.

Answer 38

medulla, cortex

Question 39

is the most heavily keratinized region: it provides strength and helps keep the inner hair layers tightly compacted.

Answer 39

Cuticle

Question 39

Hair pigment is made by ____ in the ____ and varying amounts of different types of melanin combine to produce all varieties of hair color from pale blond to pitch black.

Answer 39

melanocytes in the hair bulb,

Question 40

are actually compound structures.

Answer 40

Hair follicles

Question 41

is actually dermal connective tissue; this dermal region supplies blood vessels to the epidermal portion and reinforces it.

Answer 41

dermal sheath

Question 41

is composed of epithelial tissue and forms the hair.

Answer 41

epidermal sheath

Question 42

Its nipplelike papilla provides the blood supply to the matrix ni the hair bulb.

Answer 42

Papilla

Question 43

Small bands of smooth muscle cells ___ onnect each side of the hair follicle to the dermal tissue; when these muscles contract, the hair is puled upright, dimpling the skin surface with "goosebumps"

Answer 43

Arrector pili.

Question 44

is a scalelike modification of the epidermis that corresponds to the hoof or claw of other animals.

Answer 44

nail

Question 45

The borders of the nail are overlapped by skin folds, called

Answer 45

nail folds

Question 46

The thick proximal nail fold is commonly called the

Answer 46

Cuticle

Question 47

The stratum basale of the epidermis extends beneath the nail as the

Answer 47

nail bed

Question 48

Its thickened proximal area ________ , is responsible for nail growth

Answer 48

Nail matrix

Question 49

Nails are transparent and nearly coloress, but they loo‹ pink because of the

Answer 49

rich blood supply in the underlying dermis.

Question 50

The exception to the pinkish color of the nails is the region over the thickened nail matrix that appears as a white crescent and is called the

Answer 50

Lunula

Question 50

is the skin, the living tissue. . So fi the skin is attached to the nail plate it's still the

Answer 50

Eponychium.

Question 51

is non living tissue that is attached directly to the nail plate.

Answer 51

Cuticle