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Dermatology > Skin cancer overview & epidemiology > Flashcards

Skin cancer overview & epidemiology Flashcards

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Dermatology Board Prep flashcards
1
Q

What are the two categories of skin cancer?

A

Non-melanoma skin cancer (BCC & SCC) and melanoma skin cancer

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2
Q

What cells do the three types of skin cancer arise form?

A

Melanocytes, basal cells & suprabasal cells

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3
Q

List the types of skin cancer from most to least serious

A

Melanoma > SCC > BCC

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4
Q

Which category of skin cancer has the highest incidence?

A

NMSC

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5
Q

Which factors have contributed to the rise of skin cancer in Scotland?

A

Increase in sunbed use, increase in number of people going on sunny holidays, increased diagnosis

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6
Q

Which cancer is the fastest increasing cancer in Scotland?

A

Melanoma

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7
Q

Patients often develop multiple skin cancers. T/F

A

True

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8
Q

How do BCCs typically present?

A
  • Translucent/pearly, slow-growing lump with telangiectasia or non-healing ulcer (rodent ulcer).
  • Often painless.
  • Superficial BCC presents as a scaly plaque.
  • Morphoeic BCC is infiltrative.
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9
Q

How do SSCs typically present?

A
  • Warty/crusted growth or non-healing ulcer.
  • Tend to arise on sun-damaged skin and are fast(er) growing.
  • May be painful and/or bleed
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10
Q

BCCs grow slow but spread throughout the body fast. T/F

A

False - locally invasive but they don’t tend to spread

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11
Q

There is generally a high surgical morbidity with skin cancer but a lower mortality. T/F

A

True - generally

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12
Q

Malignant melanoma is responsible for the majority of skin cancer deaths. T/F

A

True

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13
Q

What is the most common cancer affecting 15-24 year olds?

A

Malignant melanoma

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14
Q

What is the distribution of melanoma between the sexes?

A

More woman get melanoma but more men die of melanoma

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15
Q

Melanoma spreads at an early stage. T/F

A

True

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16
Q

Describe the ABCDE approach to melanoma

A 
A - asymmetry 
B - border
C - colour
D - diameter
E - evolution
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17
Q

What is the ugly duckling sign?

A

When a person has multiple moles/skin markings and one stands out as “uglier” than the rest. This ugly duckling is typically cancerous

18
Q

Over which age do BCCs tend to arise?

A

> 40

19
Q

Where do BCCs tend to present?

A

Central facial ulcers

20
Q

Which type of BCC can be topically treated?

A

Superficial BCCs

21
Q

BCCs are never pigmented. T/F

A

False

22
Q

What is the difference between well differentiated and poorly differentiated SSCs in terms of risk?

A

Well differentiated - low risk

Poorly differentiated - high risk

23
Q

What is the general risk that a SSC will metastasise?

A

5% (significantly worsens prognosis)

24
Q

What the the precursor lesions to SSC?

A

Bowens, actinic keratosis

25
Q

What is a keratoacanthoma?

A

A self-resolving tumour of the skin follicles often confused with SSC and removed (hard to distinguish so this is for the best)

26
Q

How does keratoacanthoma present?

A

Rapidly growing, symmetrical, scaly, dome-shaped nodule surrounded by erythema

27
Q

What are actinic keratosis?

A

Scaly, erythematous lesions. AK present in multiples.

28
Q

What is bowens disease?

A

Well demarcarcated scaly, erythematous plaques

29
Q

What is a cutaneous horn?

A

Benign keratinous skin tumours appearing like horns

30
Q

The ears, lips and scalp are high risk sites for skin cancer. T/F

A

True

31
Q

50% of people who develop a NMSC will go on to develop a further skin cancer within 5 years. T/F

A

True

32
Q

Chronic ulcers/wounds may go on to become SSCs. T/F

A

True

33
Q

What are the risk factors for skin cancer?

A

Sun exposure, genetics, smoking, immunosuppression, HPV infection, chronic ulceration, skin type, occupation, age

34
Q

What are the sun exposure patterns for the various skin cancers?

A

SSC - chronic, cumulative UV exposure
BCC - intermittent, intense sunburn episodes
Melanoma - intermittent, intense sunburn episodes

35
Q

What are the most common sites for SCC?

A

Head, neck, hands, forearms (i.e exposed body sites)

36
Q

Sunburn in childhood is a particular risk factor for skin cancer. T/F

A

True

37
Q

What is xeroderma pigmentosum? What is the relationship between this and skin cancer?

A

A genetic (defect in nucleotide excision repair) photosensitivity condition also associated with neurological degeneration. Skin cancers develop more commonly on sun exposed sites

38
Q

What is the average age of onset of skin cancer in patients with xeroderma pigmentosum?

A

8 y/o

39
Q

Name some genetic conditions which are associated with an increased risk of skin cancer?

A

Xeroderma pigmentosum, oculocutaneous albinism & naevoid basal cell carcinoma (gorlin’s) syndome, recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa, hereditary type VII collagen deficiency

40
Q

What is Gorlin’s syndrome? What are the features of this syndrome?

A

Autosomal dominant familial cancer syndrome. Early onset/multiple BCC, palmar pits, jaw cysts, ectopic calcification falx

41
Q

Which immunosuppressed group are a high risk for skin cancer?

A

Transplant patients

42
Q

How can skin cancer be prevented?

A

Behavioural changes, clothing, suncream & regular self surveillance

Dermatology (26 decks)

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