skin and wound healing

Question 1

name the 3 layers of the skin

Answer 1

epidermis, dermis and hypodermis

Question 2

list the layers of the epidermis from supeficial to deep

Answer 2

corneum
lucideum
granulosum
spinosum
germinativum

Question 3

function of the corneum

Answer 3

acid mantle protecting skin from bacteria
resistant to thermal, chemical, mechanical forces

Question 4

function of the lucidum

Answer 4

forms boundary between corneum and granulosum

Question 5

which parts of the body is lucidum found

Answer 5

palms of hands and soles of feet

Question 6

function of granolsum

Answer 6

as cells travel through the nucleus is destroyed, cells flattended and cellular contents are converted into keratin

Question 7

function of the spinosum

Answer 7

contain large oval nuclei.
langerhans cells here

Question 8

function of the stratum germinativum or basale

Answer 8

forms junction between epidermis and dermis

Question 9

what do the fibroblasts secrete in the superficial dermal layer

Answer 9

fibronectin and hyaluronic acid

Question 10

what anchors the deep dermal layer to the subcut tissue

Answer 10

thick bundles of collage

Question 11

what is the name of the junction between the epidermis and dermis

Answer 11

rete ridges/ pegs

Question 12

what is contained with the subcut tissue

Answer 12

loose connective tissue
lots of fat cells
fewer blood vessels
nerve fibres and lymph vessels

Question 13

one of the main functions of subcut tissue

Answer 13

attaches the dermis to underlying structures and ensures ongoing blood supply. provides cushioning.

Question 14

list the 6 functions of skin

Answer 14

protection
thermoregulation
sensation
immune response
metabolism
blood reservoir
excretion

Question 15

explain how the skin is protective in terms of a physical barrier

Answer 15

tightly joined epidermal cells, keratin and oily secretion block in and out

Question 16

explain how the skin is protective in terms of a chemical barrier

Answer 16

acid mantle keeps pH low, preventing bacteria from multiplying.
langerhans fight infection
melanocytes protect DNA

Question 17

explain how the skin is protective in terms of a biological barrier

Answer 17

macrophulges engulf and dispose of MO

Question 18

which part of the hypothalamus controls heat loss

Answer 18

anterioir

Question 19

which part of the hypothalamus controls heat production

Answer 19

posterioir

Question 20

how does the skin thermoregulate

Answer 20

• muscle tone /shivering
• vasodilate/ constrict

Question 21

what do langerhans cells do

Answer 21

fight bacteria

Question 22

what do macrophages do

Answer 22

engulf and dispose MO

Question 23

what do mast cells do

Answer 23

support immune system

Question 24

who is at risk of VIT D deficiency

Answer 24

elderly
indoors
crohns
coeliac

Question 25

list 5 functions of the skin that decline with age

Answer 25

injury response cell replacement sensory perception VIT D production immune response

Question 26

what happens to the epidermis with aging

Answer 26

corneum becomes drier and more brittle decreased langerhans - reduced immunity decrease in melanocytes - dyschromia alteration in pH - reduces acid mantle

Question 27

what happens to the dermis during aging

Answer 27

decreased thickness fewer cells fewer blood cells fewer fibres sebum decreases sweat gland production declines

Question 28

factors that make individuals more susceptible to multiple skin conditions include:

Answer 28

normal aging incontinence reduced mobility increased dependence

Question 29

list 5 ways wounds can be classified

Answer 29

aetiology location type of injury depth/ tissue loss clinical appearance

Question 30

list the 3 phases of wound healing

Answer 30

inflammation proliferation maturation

Question 31

how long should the inflamm phase go on for

Answer 31

2-5 days

Question 32

what are the main goals during the inflamm phase

Answer 32

haemostasis through a blood clot oedema

Question 33

what does the clot in the inflammatory phase release

Answer 33

histamine and other vasoactive chemicals causing vasodilation causing an influx of leukocytes, erthrocytes, plasma proteins

Question 34

how long should the proliferative phase go on for

Answer 34

2-24 days

Question 35

list the 5 processes that occur during the proliferative phase

Answer 35

angiogenesis collagen synthesis cross linking epithelialisation contraction

Question 36

what is the function of angiogenesis

Answer 36

restoring blood flow to the wound. more oxygen, increased profusion

Question 37

what is the function of collagen synthesis

Answer 37

keratinocyte migration results in strengthening the wound

Question 38

how long does maturation go on for

Answer 38

24 days -1 or 2 years

Question 39

when does maturation commence

Answer 39

only once wound is closed

Question 40

describe primary intention

Answer 40

when there is minimal tissue loss and wound edges can be held together by sutures etc. scaring minimal

Question 41

describe secondary intention

Answer 41

when the wound is left open for a period of time and allowed to close by epithelialisation and contraction. granulation occurs from wound base. epithelialisation occurs across the wound bed with formation of scar being thicker.

Question 42

describe free flaps

Answer 42

complete segment with anastomosis of blood supply to vessels within wound

Question 43

describe pedicle flaps

Answer 43

skin and subcut tissue is trasnferred to another site

Question 44

list 6 risks for poor wound healing

Answer 44

malnutrition elderly diabetes obesity diseased state

Question 45

why does diabetes impact wound healing

Answer 45

high BGLs can cause decreased functioning of WBC less able to fight bacteria damaged circulation... neuropathy.. damaged nerve endings.. numbness.. unaware