Skin and Soft Tissue Infection

Question 1

what are the two main ways of classifying skin and soft tissue infections?

Answer 1

by microbe or by anatomy

Question 2

what are the possible microbes for skin and soft tissue infection?

Answer 2

bacteria, virus, fungi

Question 3

what are the possible anatomy zones for skin and soft tissue infections?

Answer 3

superficial and deeper tissues

Question 4

describe staph aureus

Answer 4

cocci, gram positive and clumps like grapes

Question 5

what is the virulence factor of staph aureus

Answer 5

panton valentine leukocidin toxin (Kills white blood cells)

Question 6

name a disease of staph aureus

Answer 6

angular cheilitis (inflammation at angles of mouth)

Question 7

what is a clone

Answer 7

any organism whose genetic information is identical to that of a present organism from which it was created

Question 8

what is the microscopic effect of panton-valentine leukocidin?

Answer 8

it is excreted from the cells into the environment as sub-units and when they hit their target they form pores which attack white cells

Question 9

what is the clinical effect of PVL positive s aureus

Answer 9

lead to necrotising pneumonia in young people and also gives recurrent skin infections which look like spider bites

Question 10

describe strep pyogenes

Answer 10

gram positive cocci in chains

Question 11

what is the virulence factor of strep pyogenes

Answer 11

superantigens and toxic shock syndrome

Question 12

what do superantigens do?

Answer 12

cause dysregulation of immune response in proportion to the amount of antigen released by bacteria

Question 13

what disease does strep pyogenes cause

Answer 13

cellulitis

Question 14

describe strep anginosus

Answer 14

gram positive cocci in chains/clumps

Question 15

what is the virulence factor of strep anginosus

Answer 15

intermedilysin (cytotoxin) causing lysis of the cell

Question 16

name a disease caused by strep anginosus

Answer 16

fistula of pus from necrotic dental pulp or periapical periodontitis

Question 17

describe anaerobes

Answer 17

gram positive, grains of rice, clostridium welchii

Question 18

what is the virulence factor for anaerobes?

Answer 18

alpha toxin (lecithinase)

Question 19

what does lecithinase do?

Answer 19

break down lecithin which is a fatty acid in our cell membranes

Question 20

what is the nagler reaction used for?

Answer 20

to detect alpha toxin and help confirm identity of C welchii

Question 21

give a disease which anaerobes cause

Answer 21

gas gangrene

Question 22

describe HSV

Answer 22

nuclear capsule surrounded by lipid membrane

Question 23

give the virulence factor for HSV

Answer 23

cell lysis

Question 24

what disease does HSV cause?

Answer 24

herpes

Question 25

describe candida albicans

Answer 25

larger than bacteria, yeast cells

Question 26

what is the virulence factor of candida albicans?

Answer 26

phospholipase which breaks down phospholipids in our cells

Question 27

what disease does candida albicans cause?

Answer 27

erythematous candidosis

Question 28

what is impetigo

Answer 28

epidermal infection

Question 29

what is the cause of impetigo

Answer 29

strep pyogenes

Question 30

describe chicken pox

Answer 30

viral infection with red bumps

Question 31

what is the cause of chicken pox

Answer 31

varicella zoster

Question 32

name some infections of the epidermis

Answer 32

angular cheilitis, impetigo, chicken pox

Question 33

name an infection of the dermis

Answer 33

erysipelas

Question 34

describe erysipelas

Answer 34

butterfly erythema

Question 35

what causes erysipelas

Answer 35

strep pyogenes

Question 36

name some infections of the hair follicles

Answer 36

folliculitis, furuncle, carbuncles

Question 37

what is folliculitis

Answer 37

discharge emerging from the follicle itself

Question 38

what is the cause of folliculitis

Answer 38

staph aureus

Question 39

what is a furuncle

Answer 39

deeper involvement and more widespread involvement - a boil

Question 40

what is the cause of furuncles

Answer 40

staph aureus

Question 41

what is a carbuncle

Answer 41

multiple headed boil which is difficult to treat

Question 42

what is the cause of a carbuncle

Answer 42

staph aureus

Question 43

name an infection of the subcutaneous fat

Answer 43

cellulitis

Question 44

what causes cellulitis

Answer 44

strep pyogenes and staph aureus sometimes

Question 45

what bacteria causes a severe odontogenic infection

Answer 45

strep anginosus

Question 46

name an infection of the fascia

Answer 46

necrotising fasciitis

Question 47

what is necrotising fasciitis

Answer 47

involvement of the fascia around muscle planes

Question 48

what is the cause of necrotising fasciitis

Answer 48

staph aureus/strep pyogenes and anaerobes

Question 49

name an infection of the musle

Answer 49

myonecrosis or gangrene

Question 50

what is gangrene

Answer 50

areas of bubbling due to gas production

Question 51

what is the cause of gangrene?

Answer 51

clostridium welchii (anaerobe)

Question 52

what is the clinical description of a surgical wound infection and what bacteria causes this?

Answer 52

cardinal signs of infection including redness, swollen, painful, loss of function - staph aureus

Question 53

what are the treatment principles

Answer 53

diagnosis, surgical debridement, microbiological specimens, antibiotics, review

Question 54

what is surgical debridement

Answer 54

surgical incision to allow pus to drain out and then collect microbiological specimen to send to the lab

Question 55

what does flucloxacillin treat

Answer 55

MSSA (staph aureus which is meticillin sensitive)

Question 56

what does vancomycin treat?

Answer 56

MRSA (staph aureus which is meticillin resistant)

Question 57

what does pencillin treat

Answer 57

S pyogenes and S anginosus

Question 58

how do you treat a localised dental abscess?

Answer 58

surgical treatment only

Question 59

how do you treat a dental abscess with systemic signs and symptoms

Answer 59

penicillin and review

Question 60

how do you treat a severe odontogenic infection

Answer 60

hospital based treatment to include IV benzal penicillin and metronidazole

Question 61

overall, how do you manage infections

Answer 61

combination of surgical and antimicrobials