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Infection and Immunity BDS2 > Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Dental Relevance of Hep B, C and HIV > Flashcards

Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Dental Relevance of Hep B, C and HIV Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 main types of blood borne virus?

A

hep B, C and HIV

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2
Q

which type of hepatitis is a co-infection hepatitis?

A

type D with type B

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3
Q

what is the antigen of hepatitis B

A

a protein which sits on the surface of the virus

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4
Q

what is the Dance particle of hep B

A

the infectious part of the virus

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5
Q

what is the structure of hep B

A

double shelled structure, outer coat surrounds central portion containing core antigen, DNA and DNA polymerase

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6
Q

what type of virus is hep B

A

DNA

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7
Q

what are the antigens present in hep B

A

surface antigen, core antigen, hep E antigen (early antigen)

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8
Q

how long does hepatitis B survive outside the body in a blood spillage e.g.,

A

a week+

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9
Q

what are the mods of transmission of hep B

A

parenteral and perinatal

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10
Q

which groups of people are more likely to contract hep B?

A

IV drug users, sexually active people, children of immigrants, healthcare workers, mucosal splashes, haemodialysis patients

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11
Q

how many people normally recovery from hep B

A

90-95%

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12
Q

what is the clinical course of hep B

A

1 - infected
2 - incubation period of 2-3 months (from infection to presence of symptoms)
3 - clearance of antigens from blood and creation of antibodies within 6 months

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13
Q

what are the symptoms of hep B?

A

flu like illness, nausea, tiredness, yellowing of skin

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14
Q

what antibodies appear to fight off hep B?

A

IgM which is antibody to the core, IgG takes over after and then antibody to E antigen

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15
Q

what shows that a person has immunity to hep B

A

the antibody to the surface antigen

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16
Q

what shows in a hep B test for someone who has recently been infected?

A

IgM antibody to core antigen

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17
Q

what shows in a hep B test for someone who is chronically infected?

A

surface antigen, antibodies to the core but no surface antibody

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18
Q

if you have previously been infected with hep B what antibodies are present in hep B test?

A

antibodies to the core and the surface

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19
Q

if you are vaccinated against hep B which antibody shows up in a hep B test?

A

surface antibody only

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20
Q

what percentage of people with develop chronic hep B?

A

5-10%

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21
Q

what is post exposure prophylaxis?

A

treatment/drug/process which is applied after someone has received mucosal injury after exposure

22
Q

who is PEP not given to with hep B?

A

people who had positive response from vaccine

23
Q

what PEP is given for hep B and when?

A

hepatitis B immunoglobin which is antibody which gives 70-75% protection, administered ASAP after exposure within a week

24
Q

what type of drug is given to treat hep B

A

drugs to reduce the viral load meaning you are less infectious to others

25
Q

what is your chance of infection from a needle stick injury for hep B?

A

1 in 3

26
Q

what is the structure of hep C?

A

enveloped and single stranded

27
Q

what type of virus is hep C?

A

RNA

28
Q

how long can hep C survive outside of the body?

A

a week on surfaces

29
Q

how does hepatitis C spread?

A

blood-blood contact, perinatal, sexual, sharing needles, occupational transmission

30
Q

who are the groups more at risk of hepatitis C?

A

IV drug users, healthcare workers, dialysis patients, gay men

31
Q

what is the clinical course of hep C?

A

1 - infection
2 - wide incubation period of up to 26 weeks but usually 6-12
3 - recovery - antibody developed and spike in ALT (substance released from cells when you have virus) and recovery over 6 months
4 - chronic infection

32
Q

what is ALT abundance a measure of?

A

liver damage and indicates replication of virus within the liver

33
Q

what are the symptoms of hep C?

A

flu-like non-specific with yellowing of skin and eyes

34
Q

when is hep C described as being chronic?

A

after 6 months of persistence of RNA in the blood

35
Q

what percentage of people become chronically infected with hepatitis C?

A

70%

36
Q

what is the issue with testing for hep C?

A

the antibody is present whether you have recovered or are currently infected

37
Q

what do you do if antibody test for hep C comes back positive?

A

look for RNA to indicate active infection, also do viral load test or genotype test

38
Q

what increases the risk of chronic hep C infection?

A

HIV and alcohol

39
Q

which BBV has no PEP?

A

hep C

40
Q

what is the treatment for hep C?

A

anti-viral drugs

41
Q

what is your chance of contracting hep C from a needle stick injury?

A

1 in 30

42
Q

what is the structure of HIV?

A

single stranded and enveloped

43
Q

what type of virus is HIV?

A

RNA

44
Q

what is the survival of the HIV virus outside of the human body?

A

it is fragile and easily killed by heat so does not survive long

45
Q

what cells does HIV destruct?

A

CD4t cells (T helper cells)

46
Q

what are the 3 phases of HIV infection?

A

1 - primary infection
2 - prolonged time period where nothing happens
3 - more severe symptoms and outcomes clinically apparent

47
Q

what is the end point of HIV?

A

AIDS

48
Q

what are the indicator diseases of AIDS?

A

widespread candidiasis, cancers due to poor immune system, oral symptoms and signs

49
Q

what is the test used for HIV?

A

ELISA test to look for antibody

50
Q

what is the morbidity rate of HIV if untreated?

A

1 year

51
Q

what PEP is given to HIV risk patients?

A

antivirals, antiretroviral medication in a few hours

52
Q

what is the chance of developing HIV from a needlestick injury?

A

1 in 300

Infection and Immunity BDS2 (7 decks)

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