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MSK Week 1 > Skin and Glands > Flashcards

Skin and Glands Flashcards

1
Q

Layers of the epidermis

A 
Basale
Spinosum
Granulosum
Lucidum
Corneum

Epidermis is of ectodermal origin

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2
Q

Stratum Basale

A

Mitotically active cells that attach directly to the basement membrane by hemidesmosomes. Single layer of basophilic cuboidal or columnar cells.

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3
Q

Stratum Spinosum

A

Still mitotically active, but cells are starting to differentiate. Keratinocytes are connected to each other by desmosomes. Largest layer of epidermis.

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4
Q

Stratum Granulosum

A

Bundles of Keratin aggregates bound via accessory proteins like filagrin (keratohyalin granules)

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5
Q

Stratum Lucidum

A

Palms and soles of feet only. No nuclei or granules

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6
Q

Stratum Corneum

A

Non-nucleated dead cells filled with keratin.

As you go higher, fat and desmosome linkages disappear until “squames” start to sluff off

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7
Q

Psoriasis

A

T Lymphocytes are overactive causing an autoimmune reaction in the skin, leading to irritation and increased keratinocytes causing thickening and scaling of the skin

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8
Q

Thin vs. Thick skin

A

Size of Stratum Corneum

Thick skin DOES NOT have hair follicles (palms and soles)

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9
Q

What does Keratohyalin promote?

A

Within the SG layer, it promotes the dehydration of cells and cross-linking of keratin fibers

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10
Q

Layers of Dermis

A

Papillary Layer

Reticular Layer

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11
Q

Papillary Layer

A

Fine bundles of collagen. Loose connective tissue in this area that interdigitates with the epidermis for strong attachment. Mast cells, fibroblasts and leukocytes are present here

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12
Q

Reticular layer

A

Large bundles of collagen. Much thicker, dense irregular connective tissue with more fibers and fewer cells. Elastic fibers also present

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13
Q

Where are melanocytes?

A

Basal layer but they project to spinosum

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14
Q

Eumelanin

A

Brown and Black melanin

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15
Q

Pheomelanin

A

Melanin for redheads

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16
Q

Cytology of melanocytes

A
  1. Many small mitochondria
  2. Short cisternae of RER
  3. Well developed golgi
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17
Q

Steps of melanin synthesis

A
  1. Tyrosine synthesized in RER, processed in the golgi
  2. Tyrosine accumulates in the vesicles that also have a fine matrix of other proteins (Stage I melanosomes)
  3. Stage II melanosomes: Melanin synthesis begins
  4. Stage III - Deposited and accumulated melanin
  5. Stage IV - No tyrosinase left and melanosome is mature and full of melanin
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18
Q

Activity of Tyrosinase

A

Converts tyrosine to DOPA which is polymerized and transformed to melanin

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19
Q

Melanosomes after they bud off

A

Keratinocytes cleave melanosomes off of melanocytes, they go to nearby keratinocytes in the spiney layer and basal layer and go close to the nucleus to shield against UV radiation

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20
Q

Albinism

A

Dysfunction in the melanocyte pathway or tyrosinase pathway causing hypopigmentation. Related to vitiligo where you lose pigmentation due to melanocyte deterioration (depigmentation)

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21
Q

Moles

A

Melanocytes proliferate in small areas. Can be indicative of cancer

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22
Q

Merkel Cells

A

Slowly adapting somatosensory cells that are found in the SB.

Allow for light touch discrimination of objects/shapes

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23
Q

Unencapsulated sensory receptors

A

Merkel Cells
Free nerve endings
root hair plexus

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24
Q

Where are free nerve endings

A

In papillary dermis and low epidermis - Good for high/low temperature, pain, itching, and also tactile

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25
Q

Root Hair plexus

A

Web of sensory fibers surrounding the bases of hair follicles in reticular dermis to detect hair movement

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26
Q

Encapsulated Receptors

A

Meissner’s Corpuscles
Lamellar/Pacinian Corpuscles
Krause End Bulbs
Ruffini Corpuscles

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27
Q

Meissner’s Corpuscles

A

Also called Tactile corpuscle. Sensitive to light touch (concentrated on the fingers, foreskin, and lips)

Located just beneath the epidermis (in the dermal papillae)

Rapidly adapting Mechanoreceptor

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28
Q

Pacinian Corpuscles

A

Also called Lamellar Corpuscles. Detect deep pressure changes and vibrations.

Very large receptor field. Located deep in the dermis.

Rapidly Adapting Mechanoreceptor

29
Q

Krause Ends Bulbs

A

Thermoreceptors for sensing cold temperatures.

Located in the penis and clittoris (genital corpuscles) and in the eye, lips, tongue, and trunk.

30
Q

Ruffini Corpuscles

A

Slowly adapting Mechanoreceptor

Sensitive to the stretch and torque of skin

31
Q

Types of receptors

A 
Mechanoreceptors
Thermoreceptors
Nociceptors
Electromagnetic Receptors
Chemoreceptors
32
Q

Temperature control in the skin

A
  1. Constrict arterioles = constrict blood = retain heat in cold situations
  2. Evaporative cooling using eccrine glands
  3. Dilate arterioles to give off heat
33
Q

Cuticle

A

Outermost area of the shaft. Heavily keratinized squamous cells

34
Q

Medulla

A

Most interior of the hair shaft. Moderately keratinized

35
Q

Cortex

A

Between the root sheath and the medulla. Heavily keratinized and densely packed

36
Q

Dermal papilla

A

Cells produce signals that drive the growth of hair follicles (projects into the cortex)

37
Q

Stages of hair growth

A

Anagen - Long period of mitotic division

Catagen - Brief period of arrested growth and regression of the hair bulb

Telogen - Final long period of inactivity, hair shedding

38
Q

Types of glands

A

Exocrine Glands
Endocrine Glands
Paracrine Glands

39
Q

Exocrine Glands

A

Dump into ducts

40
Q

Types of exocrine glands

A

Merocrine (Eccrine)
Apocrine
Holocrine

41
Q

Merocrine

A

Sometimes called Eccrine glands (major sweat glands of the human body). Makes granules and release chemicals

42
Q

Apocrine

A

Granules “buds off,” taking part of the cell’s cytoplasm

43
Q

Holocrine

A

Whole cell breaks down

44
Q

Endocrine Glands

A

Sit on the basement membrane and dumps into the blood

NOT EXOCRINE

45
Q

Paracrine Glands

A

Secrete signals that act on nearby cells

NOT EXOCRINE

46
Q

Duct cells

A

Reabsorb sodium from the sweat to reduce loss of sodium

47
Q

What are melanocytes derived from?

A

From neural crest cells (and they are found in the SB)

48
Q

In the skin, what is the most superficial layer in which nuclei are present?

A

Stratum Granulosum

49
Q

Where does lamellar body secretion occur and for what purpose?

A

In the Stratum Granulosum

Forms a waterproofing boundary for the skin (secretes lipids)

50
Q

What purpose to desmosomes serve?

A

Because the epidermis is avascular, desmosomes create channels that permit the flow of nutrients and the movement of cells

51
Q

What type of proteins are prevalent in the SG?

A

Cysteine and histidine rich proteins that bind keratin filaments together

52
Q

How do basal cells, as the become keratinocytes, change to toughen the epithelium?

A

Cross-linking of the cytoplasmic proteins

53
Q

Langerhan’s cells

A

Dendritic cells (APCs that endocytose antigens and transport them to the lymph nodes, initiating the immune response)

54
Q

What staining would reveal Langerhan’s cells?

A

Antibody staining (CD1)

In a normal H&E stain, it is too hard to differentiate b/w these cells and keratinocytes

55
Q

Where is the highest concentration of melanosomes in the skin?

A

SS for darker skin

SB for lighter skin

56
Q

Degradation of melanosomes occurs faster in dark-skin or light-skin people?

A

Light-skin

57
Q

Function of melanocytes

A

Melanocytes make melanin that is packages into melanosomes

58
Q

Myoepithelial cells

A

Squeeze and force sweat through ducts (ducts reabsorb various ionic components of sweat)

59
Q

Sebaceous gland

A

Holocrine secretion of oily material to allow for waterproofing

60
Q

What makes your hair turn white?

A

Loss of melanocytes

61
Q

Goblet cell

A

Unicellular, merocrine gland that secretes mucus

62
Q

What type of gland is the thyroid?

A

Endocrine (b/c it does not have any ducts)

63
Q

Which organs have both exocrine and endocrine components

A

Liver and pancreas

64
Q

What cell types are prevalent in keratinocytes

A

Keratinocytes consists mainly have keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

65
Q

Is the number of melanocytes b/w sexes equal?

A

Yes, however, the distribution of melanin IS NOT

66
Q

What stimulates melanin production?

A
  • Sun exposure
  • MSH
  • ACTH
  • Estrogen
  • Progesterone
67
Q

Arrector pili

A

Small muscles attached to hair follicles that cause hair to stand on end (goose bumps)

68
Q

Sebum

A

The oily/waxy matter produced by sebaceous glands to lubricate and waterproof the skin

69
Q

Arteriovenous anastomoses

A

Connection b/w and artery and a vein

MSK Week 1 (14 decks)

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