Intro to Anatomy Lecture Flashcards
Rostral
Used with CNS to describe cephalad and anterior areas of the brain or head
Cephalad
Towards the head
Caudal
Towards the feet or tailbone
Ipsilateral
Something occurring on the same side of the body as another structure
Contralateral
Occurring on opposite sides of the body
Circumduction
To move in a circle
Radial Deviation
Lateral abduction of the wrist
Ulnar deviation
Medial adduction of the wrist
Medial
Towards the midline
Lateral
Away from the midline, to the side
Superficial
Higher
Deep
Lower
Anterior/Ventral
Front
Dorsal/Posterior
Rear
Superior
Above
Inferior
Below
Proximal
Closer
Distal
Further
Abduction
Movement away from the midline
Adduction
Movement towards the midline
Flexion
Angle reduction
Extension
Angle increase
Medial rotation
Internal rotation
Lateral rotation
External rotation
Supination
Soup motion, palms up
Pronation
Palms down
Elevation
To raise
Depression
To lower
Origin
Where the muscle begins
Insertion
Where the muscle goes
Agonist Muscle
Increases motion
Antagonist Muscle
Decreases another muscle or moves in the opposite direction
Synergistic
Muscles working together for one motion
Axial Skeleton
Head, neck, trunk
Appendicular Skeleton
Bones of the limbs
3 Types of joints
- Fibrous 2. Cartilagenous 3. Synovial
Fibrous joint
Bone to bone
Cartilagenous joint
Intervertebral disc or epiphyseal plates - Cartilage to bone
Synovial Joint
Has synovial fluid, i.e., knee
Differences between muscle types
Striated - Voluntary - Multiple peripherally located nuclei Cardiac - Involuntary - Single central nuclei Smooth - Involuntary - Unstriated, single central nucleus
How many bones in each vertebral section?
Cervical - 7 Thoracic - 12 Lumbar - 5 Sacral - 5 fused Coccyx - 3 - 5 fused
Pars
Portion of the vertebrae located between the superior and inferiorarticular processes of the facet joint
Spondylolysis
fracture in typically the 5th lumbar vertebrae
Spondylolithiases
When a spondylolysis fracture weakens the bone to the point that it cannot sustain proper positioning causing the vertbrae to shift out of place
Zygopophysial joints
Another name for facets
Kyphosis
Hunchback (hyperkyphosis = when upper angle of vertebrae (between vertebrae 1 - 12) goes from 20-40 degrees to 45+ degrees
Scoliosis
Spine moves laterally in the middle instead of ventral/dorsal
Lordosis
Swayback - Deep inward curve of lumbar spine
Herniated Nucleus Pulposus
“Ruptured Disc” (HNP) - Typically in lumbar or cervical area, ruptured symphyseal joint caused by a degenerated annulus fibrosus tearing or pulling apart allowing the softer gel-like inner nucleus pulposus to extrude usually just lateral to the posterior longitudinal ligament
How does the head rotate about the Dens?
Dens of C2 must move as a unit with C1 when the head is flexed or extended. Also, if the Dens is fractured and if the neck is then allowed to flex (bend forward) the unstable dens could be driven into the spinal cord = rapidly fatal
What happens if neural tube does not close fully
Incomplete closing of the neural tude during development causing some vertebrae to not fully form and thus they remain open and unfused. If large enough, the spinal cord can drift out of the vertebrae, sometimes along with a fluid filled sack around this area
Meningocele
Protrusion of the membranes that cover the spine and part of the spinal cord through a bone defect in the vertebral column. MM is due to failure of closure during embryonic life of bottom end of the neural tube, the structure which gives rise to the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord). The term spina bifida refers specifically to the bony defect in the vertebral column through which the meningeal membrane and cord may protrude (spina bifida cystica) or may not protrude so that the defect remains hidden, covered by skin (spina bifida occulta). However, through usage the term spina bifida is gradually becoming synonymous with MM. The risk of MM (and all neural tube defects) can be decreased by the mother eating ample folic acid during pregnancy.
Meningomyelocele
Worst case. Hole big enough for the cord to leave, gets trapped in the meninge to form a sac.
Spina Bifida Occulta
Least worrisome, hole but no protrusion, usually no marks on skin
Spina Bifida Cystica
Another name for meningomyelocele
Osteophyte
A bone spur
Fontanel
Wide sutures formed where more than two bones meet in the skull
Epimere
Dorsal portion of a somite from which is formed muscles innervated by the dorsal ramus of the spinal nerve
