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Microbiology > Skin and eye infections > Flashcards

Skin and eye infections Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Characteristics of MRSA?

A
  • skin and soft tissue infections
  • caused by Staphylococcus aureus
    • G+, cluster growth, nonmotile
    • can be highly virulent but considered normal biota
      of skin in 1/3 population
  • common cause of skin lesions in non-hospitalised people
  • strains are resistant to multiple antibiotics
  • withstands 7.5-10% salt, extreme pH, and high temps
  • remains viable after air drying
    -resists the effects of many disinfectants/antibiotics
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2
Q

Signs/symptoms of MRSA?

A
  • raised, red, tender, localized lesions
  • features pus and feels hot to touch
  • occur easily in breaks in skin and may localize around hair follicle
  • fever common
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3
Q

Transmission/epidemiology of MRSA?

A
  • contaminant of all kinds of surfaces
  • persons with active MRSA infections should keep them covered to avoid transmission
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4
Q

MRSA culture/diagnosis?

A
  • isolation on blood agar or MSA
    • outer and inner zone of hemolysis on plate
  • polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
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5
Q

MRSA prevention and treatment?

A
  • prevention via good hygiene
  • treatment through incision of lesion and pus drainage
  • antimicrobial treatment via more than one antibiotic (vancomycin is recommended in US)
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6
Q

Characteristics/cause of Cellulitis?

A

Caused by fast-spreading infection in the dermis and in the subcutaneous tissues
- Healthy individuals: staphylococcus aureus or streptococcus pyogenes
- immunocompromised individuals: almost any bacterium and some fungi
- bacteremia could develop, but uncomplicated cellulitis has a good prognosis

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7
Q

Cellulitis signs and symptoms?

A
  • pain, tenderness, swelling, warmth
  • fever
  • swelling of lymph nodes in area
  • lymphangitis: red lines leading away from the area are visible ( the result of microbes and inflammatory products being carried by lymphatic symptoms)
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8
Q

Cellulitis transmission/epidemiology?

A

Generally follows the introduction of bacteria or fungi into the dermis:
- trauma
- subtle means; no obvious break in skin

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9
Q

Cellulitis culture and diagnosis?

A

diagnosis through clinical signs and symptoms

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10
Q

Cellulitis prevention and treatment?

A
  • Mild cellulitis responds well to oral antibiotics effective against S. aureus and S. pyogenes
  • more involved infections/infections in immunocompromised patients require IV antibiotics
  • surgical debridement is required w/ extensive tissue damage
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11
Q

Maculopapular rash disease meaning?

A

Maculopapular:
- skin eruptions caused by a variety of microbes
- Flat, slightly raised colored bumps
Measles (Rubeola)
Rubella
Fifth Disease
Roseola

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12
Q

Maculopapular rash disease meaning?

A

Maculopapular:
- skin eruptions caused by a variety of microbes
- Flat/slightly raised colored bumps
Measles (Rubeola)
Rubella
Fifth Disease
Roseola

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13
Q

Measles/Rubeola signs and symptoms?

A
  • sore throat
  • dry cough
  • headache
  • conjunctivitis
  • fever
  • oral lesions called Koplik’s spots
  • red maculopapular rash that erupts on the head and progresses to the trunk and extremities
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14
Q

Measles comorbidities/ complications?

A
  • laryngitis
  • Pneumonia
  • secondary bacterial infections
  • subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (progressive neurological degeneration) resulting in CNS changes
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15
Q

Measles transmission?

A
  • transmitted by respiratory droplets
  • Humans are the only reservoir
  • Person is infectious during the periods of incubation, prodrome phase, and the skin rash but not during convalescence
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16
Q

Measles Culture and diagnosis?

A
  • clinical presentation
  • ELISA to test for IgM to measles antigen
17
Q

Measles prevention/ treatment?

A
  • MMr vaccine contains a live attenuated virus (20 years protection)
    - Recommended for healthy children 12-15 months + booster b4 school
  • supportive treatment to treat symptoms
18
Q

Vesicular or Pustular rash disease catagories

A
  • chickenpox: common & mostly benign
  • Smallpox: eradicated but very serious
    - both viral and present generalized rashes
  • Pox: individual lesions that contain fluid
19
Q

Chickenpox signs and symptoms?

A
  • fever and abundant rash appear after 10-20 day incubation period
  • rash begins on scalp, face, trunk, and radiates to the extremities (centripetal distribution)
  • itchy vesicles encrust and drop off after several days; heal completely or may leave a small scar (4-7 days)
  • patients are usually considered contagious until all lesions have crusted over
  • ~0.1% pf cases followed by encephalopathy which can be fatal
20
Q

Shingles characteristics?

A

virus enters the sensory endings of cutaneous spinal nerve branches after recovery from chickenpox
- becomes latent in the ganglia and may reemerge as shingles abruptly after reactivation by psychological stress, immunosuppressive and other drug therapy, surgery, or developing malignancy

21
Q

Shingles signs and symptoms?

A
  • asymmetrical distribution on the skin of trunk or head
  • produces crops of tender persistent vesicles
  • Postherpetic neuralgia: inflammation of the ganglia and nerve pathways that cause pain and tenderness and can last several months
  • involves spinal nerves
  • cranial nerve involvement can lead to eye inflammation and ocular/facial paralysis
22
Q

Chickenpox/shingles causative agent?

A

human herpesvirus 3 (HHV-3) AKA varicella
- enveloped DNA virus

23
Q

Chickenpox/ shingles transmission/epidemiology?

A
  • human = only natural host
  • harbored in respiratory tract
    - communicable from both respiratory droplets and
    fluid from active lesions
    -infected persons are infectious 1-2 days prior to development of rash
    -highly contagious
24
Q

Chickenpox/shingles prevention?

A
  • live attenuated vaccine (1995)
  • zostavax approved by the FDA (2006) to prevent shingles
25
Q

Chickenpox/shingles treatment?

A
  • self-limiting and no treatment other than alleviation of discomfort
  • secondary bacterial infections are treated w/ topical or systemic antibiotic
  • oral acyclovir used on patients considered high risk for complications
  • DO NOT administer aspirin ( may lead to Reye’s syndrome)
26
Q

Cutaneous and superficial Mycoses (ringworm) characteristics?

A

Dermatophytes: group of fungi that can cause variety of body surface conditions
- confined to the nonliving epidermal tissues and their derivatives (hair and nails)
- all conditions have names beginning with TINEA( believed it was caused by worms)

27
Q

Conjunctivitis characteristics and causes?

A

infection of conjunctiva of the eye
Caused by:
- caused by specific microorganisms that have a predilection for eye tissues
- contaminants that proliferate due to the presence of a contact lens or an eye injury
- accidental inoculation of the eye by a traumatic event

28
Q

Conjunctivitis signs and symptoms?

A
  • milky discharge (bacterial)
  • watery exudate (viral)
  • eye “glued” shut in the morning by secretions
  • clear watery fluid (allergic reaction)
    *common name = pinkeye
29
Q

Conjunctivitis neonatal causative agents?

A
  • Neisseria gonorrhoeae or Chlamydia trachomatis
  • transmitted vertically from genital tract of mother to infant
  • can lead to serious eye damage if untreated
  • herpes simplex can also cause this but accompanied by generalized herpes infection as well
30
Q

Conjunctivitis bacterial causative agents and transmission?

A
  • Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, or Moraxella
  • N. gonorrhoeae and C. trachomatis conjunctivitis result from autoinoculation from a genital infection or sexual activity
  • wade variety of bacteria, fungi, and protozoa can contaminate contact lenses and lens cases
  • transmissible by direct contact and highly contagious
31
Q

Conjunctivitis viral causative agents and transmission?

A

commonly caused by adenoviruses, although others may be responsible
- transmissible by direct contact and highly contagious

32
Q

Conjunctivitis prevention/treatment?

A
  • Ciprofloxacin is a common choice because it covers all
    possible bacterial infections
  • Physicians may prescribe prophylactic antibiotic eye drops even if a viral case is suspected
  • If symptoms do not improve in 48 hours, more extensive diagnosis may be performed

Microbiology (10 decks)

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