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Microbiology > Genitourinary tract infections > Flashcards

Genitourinary tract infections Flashcards

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1
Q

UTI characteristics?

A
  • flushing action of urine helps keel infections to a minimum
    3 categories:
  • cystitis = infection of urinary bladder that occurs when urine flow is reduces or bacteria are accidentally introduced to the bladder
  • pyelonephritis = infection of kidneys
  • urethritis = infection limited to urethra
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2
Q

Cystitis signs and symptoms?

A

Sudden onset of:
- pain
- frequent urges to urinate even when bladder is empty
- dysuria = burning when urinating
- urine is cloudy due to presence of bacteria and WBC
- Hematuria = blood in urine causing orange color
- low grade fever and nausea

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3
Q

Pyelonephritis signs and symptoms?

A
  • back pain
  • high fever
  • serious infection which can cause permanent damage to kidneys
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4
Q

Acute uncomplicated UTI affects what organ?

A

only the bladder

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5
Q

UTI casuative agents?

A

95% cuased by normal biota of gastrointestinal tract
- Escherichia coli (80%)
- staphylococcus saprophyticus
- klebsiella pneumonia
- protues mirablis

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6
Q

UTI transmission?

A
  • healthcare associated = catheter associated UTI (CA-UTIs)
    community aquired:
  • not transmitted from one person to another
  • transmitted via GI tract and urinary system
  • more common in women
  • E. coli can cause recurrent UTIs by invading deeper tissues of urinary tract
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7
Q

UTI treatment?

A
  • various antibiotics
  • non-antibiotic drug phenazopyridine (Pyridium) administered simultaneously
    • relives uncomfortable symptoms
    • only given for 2 days
    • azo dyes turn urine dark orange or red
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8
Q

Gonorrhea signs and symptoms?

A

Male:
- urethritis
- painful urination
- yellowish discharge
- 10% of cases asymptomatic
- most limited to distal urogenital tract

females:
- Mucopurulent/ bloody vaginal discharge
- painful urination if urethra infected
- salpigitis = inflammation of fallopian tubes
- pelvic inflammatory disease: salpinigitis + inflammation in upper reproductive tract

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9
Q

Gonorrhea consequences?

A
  • can enter bloodstream disseminating to joints and skin
  • involvement in wrist and ankle = chronic arthritis and rash on limbs
  • meningitis and endocarditis can be rare complications
    Children:
    -gonococcal eye infections can result in keratitis, opthalmia neonatorum, and blindness
  • antibiotic eye drops/ointments are applied at birth as a precaution
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10
Q

Gonorrhea causative agent?

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae
- gram-negative diploccoccus
- appears as kidney bean shaped bacteria with their flat sides touching

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11
Q

Gonorrhea transmission?

A

spread through sexual contact except in neonatal cases

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12
Q

Gonorrhea epidemiology?

A
  • humans only reservoir
  • important to consider the reservoir as asymptomatic males and females (disease can be spread unknowingly
  • reportable disease
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13
Q

Gonorrhea culture and diagnosis?

A

males:
- gram stain urethral discharge
females:
- ELISA or PCR tests
- culture on Thayer-Martin agar
Identify bacteria using:
- catalase test
- enzymes for fermenting various carbs
- oxidase test

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14
Q

Gonorrhea prevention?

A
  • no vaccine
  • protection during sexual intercourse
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15
Q

Gonorrhea treatment?

A

treat both gonorrhea and chlamydia because there is usually coinfection
- N. gonorrhoeae increasing levels of antibiotic resistance

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16
Q

Chlamydia causative agent?

A

Chlamydia trachomatis
- small gram-negative bacteria
- lives in host as obligate intracellular parasite
- majority of cases asymptomatic
most common reportable infectious disease

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17
Q

Chlamydia signs and symptoms?

A

males:
- inflammation in urethra
- discharge
- painful urination
- untreated infections lead to epididymitis

females:
- cervicitis
- discharge
- saphingitis
- PID

Babies:
- eye infections
- pneumonia

18
Q

Chlamydia transmission and epidemiology?

A
  • transmitted vertically or through sexual contact
  • humans are reservoir
  • broad distribution and incidence is rising in population
  • adolescent women more affected than older women
19
Q

Chlamydia prevention?

A
  • aboid contact with infected tissues and secretion
  • protection is only prevention
    screening:
  • CDC recommends annual screening for women bc of often asymptomatic infection
20
Q

Chlamydia treatment?

A

doxycycline or azithromycin
- gonorrhea coinfection treated similarly
- retest in 3-4 months after treatment

21
Q

Syphilis characteristics?

A

3 clinical stages:
- primary syphilis
- secondary syphilis
early latency period
- tertiary syphilis
has latent period
transmissible in primary, secondary, and early latency period

22
Q

Primary syphilis characteristics?

A

early indication is appearacne of hard chancre at sight of entry of pathogen
- ulcers are generally painless and may escape notice
- chancre heals spontaneously without scaring in 3-6 weeks
- sprirochetes have escaped into circulation at this point

23
Q

Secondary syphilis characteristics?

A

appear 3 weeks- 6 months after chancre heals
- many systems of body have been invaded
- symptoms more profuse and intense

24
Q

Secondary symphilis symptoms?

A
  • fever
  • headache
  • sore throat
  • lymphadenopathy
  • red or brown rash on all skin surfaces
  • lesions containing viable spirochetes
  • major complications linger for months/years
25
Q

Latency and tertiary syphilis characteristics?

A

30% of infections enter highly varied latent period
- can last 20 years or longer
* Antibodies to the bacterium are readily detected, but
the bacterium is not
* This final stage of syphilis is relatively rare today
because of widespread use of antibiotics
* By the time a patient reaches this stage, numerous
pathologic complications occur in susceptible tissues
and organs

26
Q

Latent and tertiary syphilis symptoms?

A

Cardiovascular syphilis:
- damage to small arteries in aortic cell wall
- aorta subject to distension and rupture
- aortic valved can be damaged resulting in heart failure
Gummas:
- painful, swollen, syphilitic tumors
- develop in tissues in liver, bone, skin, and cartilage
- usually benign and only occasionally lead to death, but can impare function

27
Q

Congential syphilis characteristics?

A

syphilis spirochetes can pass to fetal tissues through placenta
- leading to congenital syphilis
- any of 3 trimesters
- inhibits fetal growth and disrupts critical periods of development causing birth defects, spontaneous micarriage, or stillbirth
- infants often demonstrate such signs as profuse nasal
discharge, skin eruptions, bone deformation, and nervous system abnormalities

28
Q

Syphilis causative agent?

A

Treponema pallidum
- spirochete
- thin, regularly coiled cell
- gram negative
- strict parasite
- rapidly destroyed by heat, drying, disinfectants, soap, high oxygen tension, and pH changes

29
Q

syphilis epidemiology?

A
  • humans only host
  • bacteria cannot survive outside host long (fastidious)
  • 12-30% risk of infection per encounter
30
Q

Syphilis culture and diagnosis?

A
  • dark-feild microscopy of a suspected lesion is fastest way to diagnose
  • blood tests based on antibody detection
    • reacts with treponemal antigens
    • Rapid plasmin reafin (RPR) test w/ immunoassay
31
Q

Syphilis prevention and treatment?

A
  • prevention relies on treatment of sexual contacts of syphilis patients to contain spread
  • identified at risk individuals need prophylactic penicillin treatment (single long-acting dose)
  • Barrier protection
  • no vaccine
  • treat w/ antibiotics
32
Q

Genital Herpes signs and symptoms (initial infection)?

A

Multiple presentations:
- initial infection may cause no symptoms
- single or multiple vesicles on genitalia, perineum, thigh, and buttocks
- vesicles = small and filled with clear fluid (painful)
lesions accompanied by:
- malaise
- anorexia
- fever
-bilateral swelling and tenderness in groin

33
Q

Gential herpes signs and symptoms (after initial infection)?

A
  • may have recurrent episodes of infection
  • generally less severe than original symptoms but whole gamit of possible severity is seen as well
  • some may not have reaccurence
  • some have nearly constant outbreaks
  • ~4-5 recurrences a year
34
Q

Herpes in newborn?

A
  • can be distructive and fatal
  • most infected immediately before or during birth
  • pregnant woman with history of recurrent infection mist be monitored for signs of viral shedding, especially in last 4 weeks of pregnancy
  • C-section if outbreak is evident before delivery
35
Q

Gential herpies causative agent?

A

HSV-1 and HSV-2
- either can effect both oral or genital regions

36
Q

Genital herpes pathogenesis, and virulence factors?

A

Reactivation triggered by:
- stess
- UV radiation
- Injury
- menstration
- another microbial infection

37
Q

Genital herpes transmission?

A

Transmission though direct exposure to secretions containing virus
- people with active lesions are more significant source of infection
- can spread when no lesions are present

38
Q

Genital herpes epidemiology?

A
  • more common than chlamydia or gonorrhea
  • not a reportable disease
  • 50-90% of individuals do not know they are infected due to rare symptoms or being asymptomatic
39
Q

Genital hepes culture and diagnosis?

A
  • sometimes diagnoses based on lesions alone
  • PCR tests detect these viruses directly from lesions
  • antibody of viruses can be detected via blood samples
40
Q

Gential herpes prevention?

A
  • no vaccine
  • avoiding contact with infected body surfaces
  • protection
  • careful handling newborns
41
Q

Gental herpes treatment?

A

acyclovir and derivatives
- topical formulation can be applied to lesions
- pill form also available
- reduce viral shedding and decrease recurrence
- not curative

Microbiology (10 decks)

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