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822: Integumentary > Skin Anatomy > Flashcards

Skin Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

The skin ranges in thickness from __-__ mm

A

0.5 to 6.0

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2
Q

Where is the thinnest skin located? Where is the thickest skin located?

A

Eyelids and eardrums

Palms of the hands and soles of the feet

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3
Q

The skin receives about __ of resting cardiac output

A

one third

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4
Q

What is considered an open wound?

A

a break in skin integrity (can be as minor as epidermal interruption)

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5
Q

What are the 3 layers of skin?

A
  • epidermis
  • dermis
  • hypodermis (subcutaneous connective tissue)
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6
Q

What is the basement membrane?

A

A thin acellular membrane that anchors the dermis to the epidermis and acts as a scaffolding for the epidermis and a selective filter for substances moving between the 2 layers

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7
Q

Describe what happens to the skin as one ages or is exposed to too much sun?

A

The basement membrane begins to thin and there is disorganization and loss of collagen fibers

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8
Q

The epidermis ranges in thickness from __-__ mm

A

0.06 to 0.6 mm

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9
Q

Is the epidermis vascular or avascular?

A

avascular

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10
Q

What are the 5 layers of the epidermis from most superficial to deepest?

A
  • Stratum Corneum
  • Stratum Lucidum
  • Stratum Granulosum
  • Stratum Spinosum
  • Stratum Germinativum
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11
Q

What are the 4 types of epidermal cell types?

A
  • Keratinocytes
  • Melanocytes
  • Merkel cells
  • Langerhans cells
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12
Q

What 2 epidermal cell types serve as protectors?

A

keratinocytes and Langerhans cells

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13
Q

What epidermal cell type gives the skin its pigment?

A

melanocytes

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14
Q

What is the function of the Merkel cells?

A

mechanoreceptors

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15
Q

Describe the structure of the stratum germinativum and what its function is

A

It is a single row of keratinocytes that continuously divides to produce the protective protein keratin

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16
Q

Describe the structure of the stratum spinosum

A

it consists of several layers of more mature keratinocytes and appears “spiny” under microscope

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17
Q

Describe the structure of the stratum granulosum

A

It contains 3-5 flattened cell rows with increasing concentrations of keratin

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18
Q

Describe the structure of the stratum lucidum

A

It contains a few layers or flattened, dead keratinocytes which appear clear under microscope

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19
Q

Describe the structure of the stratum corneum

A

It consists entirely of dead keratinocytes

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20
Q

Which layer of the epidermis is the thickest?

A

Stratum Corneum

Can be as thick as 20-30 cells thick and accounts for up to 3/4 of the epidermis

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21
Q

How long does it take cells to travel from the stratum germinativum to the stratum corneum?

A

14-21 days

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22
Q

Occasionally there is a localized buildup of cells of the stratum corneum due to pressure or friction, what is this known as?

A

a callus

23
Q

Describe how Langerhans cells help protect the skin

A

They fight infection by attacking and engulfing foreign material

24
Q

The epidermis has 3 appendages located within the dermis, what are they?

A
  • hair
  • glands (sebaceous and sudoriferous)
  • nails
25
Q

Hair follicles are present everywhere except what 2 places?

A

palms and soles

26
Q

What is hair composed of and what is its function?

A

It is composed of soft keratin and helps to regulate body temperature by trapping air between the hair and the skin’s surface

27
Q

Each hair follicle contains what type of gland?

A

sebaceous gland that secretes sebum

28
Q

What is sebum?

A

an oily substance tat lubricates the skin and hair

29
Q

What do sudoriferous glands secrete?

A

sweat

30
Q

Sudoriferous glands are present everywhere except where?

A

the lips and ears

31
Q

Nails arise from cells within the stratum _______.

A

germinativum

32
Q

What are the 7 functions of the epidermis?

A
  • provides a physical and chemical barrier
  • regulates fluid
  • provides light touch sensation
  • assists with thermoregulation
  • assists with excretion
  • critical to endogenous vitamin D production
  • contributes to cosmesis
33
Q

The dermis is typically - mm thick

A

2-4 mm

34
Q

Is the dermis vascular or avascular?

A

highly vascular

35
Q

What are the 2 layers of the dermis?

A
  • papillary dermis

- reticular dermis

36
Q

Describe the structure of the papillary dermis

A

It consists loosely woven fibers embedded in a gelatinous matrix called ground substance

37
Q

When and where do blisters tend to form?

A

Between the papillary dermis and the basement membrane if there is friction between the epidermis and dermis

38
Q

Describe the structure of the reticular dermis

A

it consists of dense, irregularly arranged connective tissue

39
Q

What are the 3 dermal cell types?

A
  • fibroblasts
  • macrophages
  • mast cells
40
Q

The fibroblasts are the main cell found within the dermis, what do they produce and based on this what is their function?

A

Collagen and Elastin

Gives the dermis its characteristic strength and flexibility

41
Q

What is the function of the mast cells within the dermis?

A

They are specialized secretory cells that produce chemical mediators of inflammation

42
Q

What are the 5 functions of the dermis?

A
  • supports and nourishes the epidermis
  • houses epidermal appendages
  • assists with infection control
  • assists with thermoregulation
  • provides sensation
43
Q

What does the hypodermis consists of?

A

adipose tissue and fascia

44
Q

What are the 4 functions of adipose tissue?

A
  • provides energy
  • cushioning
  • insulation
  • stores fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K)
45
Q

What is the function of fascia?

A

It separates and surrounds structures and facilitates movement between adjacent structures including muscle, tendon, and bone

46
Q

Is fascia vascular or avascular?

A

avascular

47
Q

What are the 3 categories of tissue involvement?

A
  • superficial
  • partial thickness
  • full thickness
48
Q

What layers of the skin are affected in superficial wounds?

A

the epidermis only

49
Q

Give 2 examples of a superficial wound

A
  • abrasion

- first-degree burn

50
Q

What layers of the skin are affected in partial thickness wounds?

A

Epidermis and part of the dermis

51
Q

How do you know the difference between a superficial and partial thickness?

A

The patient will feel pain and pressure associated with a partial thickness wound

52
Q

Give 2 examples of a partial thickness wound

A
  • blister

- second-degree burn (blister and peeling sunburn)

53
Q

What layers of the skin are affected in full thickness wounds?

A

Epidermis, dermis, into subcutaneous; possibly to muscle and/or bone

*Always full-thickness if the subcutaneous tissue is involved

822: Integumentary (16 decks)

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