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822: Integumentary > Skin Anatomy > Flashcards

Skin Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

The skin ranges in thickness from __-__ mm

A

0.5 to 6.0

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2
Q

Where is the thinnest skin located? Where is the thickest skin located?

A

Eyelids and eardrums

Palms of the hands and soles of the feet

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3
Q

The skin receives about __ of resting cardiac output

A

one third

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4
Q

What is considered an open wound?

A

a break in skin integrity (can be as minor as epidermal interruption)

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5
Q

What are the 3 layers of skin?

A
  • epidermis
  • dermis
  • hypodermis (subcutaneous connective tissue)
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6
Q

What is the basement membrane?

A

A thin acellular membrane that anchors the dermis to the epidermis and acts as a scaffolding for the epidermis and a selective filter for substances moving between the 2 layers

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7
Q

Describe what happens to the skin as one ages or is exposed to too much sun?

A

The basement membrane begins to thin and there is disorganization and loss of collagen fibers

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8
Q

The epidermis ranges in thickness from __-__ mm

A

0.06 to 0.6 mm

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9
Q

Is the epidermis vascular or avascular?

A

avascular

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10
Q

What are the 5 layers of the epidermis from most superficial to deepest?

A
  • Stratum Corneum
  • Stratum Lucidum
  • Stratum Granulosum
  • Stratum Spinosum
  • Stratum Germinativum
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11
Q

What are the 4 types of epidermal cell types?

A
  • Keratinocytes
  • Melanocytes
  • Merkel cells
  • Langerhans cells
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12
Q

What 2 epidermal cell types serve as protectors?

A

keratinocytes and Langerhans cells

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13
Q

What epidermal cell type gives the skin its pigment?

A

melanocytes

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14
Q

What is the function of the Merkel cells?

A

mechanoreceptors

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15
Q

Describe the structure of the stratum germinativum and what its function is

A

It is a single row of keratinocytes that continuously divides to produce the protective protein keratin

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16
Q

Describe the structure of the stratum spinosum

A

it consists of several layers of more mature keratinocytes and appears “spiny” under microscope

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17
Q

Describe the structure of the stratum granulosum

A

It contains 3-5 flattened cell rows with increasing concentrations of keratin

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18
Q

Describe the structure of the stratum lucidum

A

It contains a few layers or flattened, dead keratinocytes which appear clear under microscope

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19
Q

Describe the structure of the stratum corneum

A

It consists entirely of dead keratinocytes

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20
Q

Which layer of the epidermis is the thickest?

A

Stratum Corneum

Can be as thick as 20-30 cells thick and accounts for up to 3/4 of the epidermis

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21
Q

How long does it take cells to travel from the stratum germinativum to the stratum corneum?

A

14-21 days

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22
Q

Occasionally there is a localized buildup of cells of the stratum corneum due to pressure or friction, what is this known as?

23
Q

Describe how Langerhans cells help protect the skin

A

They fight infection by attacking and engulfing foreign material

24
Q

The epidermis has 3 appendages located within the dermis, what are they?

A
  • hair
  • glands (sebaceous and sudoriferous)
  • nails
25
Hair follicles are present everywhere except what 2 places?
palms and soles
26
What is hair composed of and what is its function?
It is composed of soft keratin and helps to regulate body temperature by trapping air between the hair and the skin's surface
27
Each hair follicle contains what type of gland?
sebaceous gland that secretes sebum
28
What is sebum?
an oily substance tat lubricates the skin and hair
29
What do sudoriferous glands secrete?
sweat
30
Sudoriferous glands are present everywhere except where?
the lips and ears
31
Nails arise from cells within the stratum _______.
germinativum
32
What are the 7 functions of the epidermis?
- provides a physical and chemical barrier - regulates fluid - provides light touch sensation - assists with thermoregulation - assists with excretion - critical to endogenous vitamin D production - contributes to cosmesis
33
The dermis is typically _-_ mm thick
2-4 mm
34
Is the dermis vascular or avascular?
highly vascular
35
What are the 2 layers of the dermis?
- papillary dermis | - reticular dermis
36
Describe the structure of the papillary dermis
It consists loosely woven fibers embedded in a gelatinous matrix called ground substance
37
When and where do blisters tend to form?
Between the papillary dermis and the basement membrane if there is friction between the epidermis and dermis
38
Describe the structure of the reticular dermis
it consists of dense, irregularly arranged connective tissue
39
What are the 3 dermal cell types?
- fibroblasts - macrophages - mast cells
40
The fibroblasts are the main cell found within the dermis, what do they produce and based on this what is their function?
Collagen and Elastin Gives the dermis its characteristic strength and flexibility
41
What is the function of the mast cells within the dermis?
They are specialized secretory cells that produce chemical mediators of inflammation
42
What are the 5 functions of the dermis?
- supports and nourishes the epidermis - houses epidermal appendages - assists with infection control - assists with thermoregulation - provides sensation
43
What does the hypodermis consists of?
adipose tissue and fascia
44
What are the 4 functions of adipose tissue?
- provides energy - cushioning - insulation - stores fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K)
45
What is the function of fascia?
It separates and surrounds structures and facilitates movement between adjacent structures including muscle, tendon, and bone
46
Is fascia vascular or avascular?
avascular
47
What are the 3 categories of tissue involvement?
- superficial - partial thickness - full thickness
48
What layers of the skin are affected in superficial wounds?
the epidermis only
49
Give 2 examples of a superficial wound
- abrasion | - first-degree burn
50
What layers of the skin are affected in partial thickness wounds?
Epidermis and part of the dermis
51
How do you know the difference between a superficial and partial thickness?
The patient will feel pain and pressure associated with a partial thickness wound
52
Give 2 examples of a partial thickness wound
- blister | - second-degree burn (blister and peeling sunburn)
53
What layers of the skin are affected in full thickness wounds?
Epidermis, dermis, into subcutaneous; possibly to muscle and/or bone *Always full-thickness if the subcutaneous tissue is involved

822: Integumentary (16 decks)

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