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PHTH 531 > Skin > Flashcards

Skin Flashcards

1
Q

_______ ______ = all coverings go the body which are directly exposed to the outside world

A

external medicine

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2
Q

The ____ is the most accessible of all body tissues

A

skin

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3
Q

What are the 3 layers of skin structure?

A
  1. epidermis
  2. dermis
  3. subcutaneous tissue
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4
Q

What is the top layer of skin called?

A

stratum corneum

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5
Q

_____ = small spot, not palpable, < 1cm

A

macule

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6
Q

_____ = large spot, not palpable >1cm

A

patch

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7
Q

_____ = small bump, superficial, elevated, < 1cm

A

papule

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8
Q

_____ = large bump, superficial, elevated, > 1cm

A

plaque

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9
Q

____ = small bubble, fluid filled usually superficial, <0.5cm

A

vesicle

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10
Q

____ = large bubble, fluid filled, can be superficial or deep, > 0.5cm

A

bulla

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11
Q

_____ = pus containing bubble, often categorized according to whether or not they are related to hair follicles

A

pustule

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12
Q

_____ = accumulation or excess shedding of keratin from the stratum corneum

A

scale

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13
Q

____ = dried exudate on the skin surface, synonymous with scab

A

crust

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14
Q

______ = loss of skin due to scratching or picking

A

excoriation

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15
Q

______ = superficial open wound, loss of epidermis or mucosa only

A

erosion

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16
Q

______ = deeper open wound with partial or complete loss of dermis or submucosa

A

ulcer

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17
Q

What are 2 types of flat lesions?

A
  1. macule

2. patch

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18
Q

What are 2 types of elevated lesions?

A
  1. papule

2. plaque

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19
Q

What are 3 types of fluid-filled lesions?

A
  1. vesicle
  2. bulla
  3. pustule
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20
Q

First degree burn
Extent of injury?
Appearance?

A
  • superficial

- erythema

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21
Q

Second degree burn
Extent of injury?
Appearance?

A
  • partial thickness

- blistering

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22
Q

Third degree burn
Extent of injury?
Appearance?

A
  • full thickness

- necrosis

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23
Q

Rule of __’s = used to estimate body surface area of involvement in thermal burns

A

9

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24
Q

Rules of palms = palm of hand is ~ __% of body surface area

A

1

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25
Q

What are 3 types of physical trauma to skin?

A
  1. mechanical
  2. thermal
  3. chronic ulcers
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26
Q

What are the 4 types of chronic ulcers?

A
  1. pressure
  2. vascular
  3. neuropathic
  4. other
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27
Q

If an ulcer is BELOW the ankle, it is usually ______; if it is ABOVE the ankle, it is usually _____.

A

arterial; venous

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28
Q

In general scarring does not occur unless there is significant damage to the ______.

A

dermis

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29
Q

Superficial injury with _______ blistering and erosions only = heals without scarring

A

epidermal

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30
Q

3 phases of wound healing?

A
  1. Inflammatory
  2. Proliferation
  3. Remodelling
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31
Q

_______ phase = __hr -__ weeks; involves vascular effects and a cellular response that culminates in acute inflammation which is aimed at eliminating pathogens or debris and delivering the materials required for healing the wouldn’t.

A

inflammatory; 24-2

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32
Q

_______ phase = ____ to ____; production of materials to restore a functional skin barrier; both dermis and epidermis need to be repaired

A

proliferative; days to months

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33
Q

In the proliferative phase, there is ______ and ________ in the dermis

A

fibroplasial; neovascularization

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34
Q

In the proliferative phase, early angiogenesis and fibroplasia result in friable beefy-red tissue called _________ tissue.

A

Granulation

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35
Q

In the proliferative phase, at the surface the wound must re-epithelialize through _______ proliferation and migration.

A

keratinocyte

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36
Q

What cells cause neovascularization?

A

endothelial

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37
Q

______ = ____; during this phase, the wound contracts and acquires increased tensile strength; healed would culminates in a scar

A

remodelling; months

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38
Q

What are 3 ways to classify wounds?

A
  1. timing
  2. extent
  3. repair method
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39
Q

_______ thickness wounds involve epidermis and part of dermis

A

partial

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40
Q

_____ thickness wounds extend throughout the dermis and may also include subcutaneous layer or deeper

A

full

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41
Q

Wound closed by surgical excision = ______ intention healing

A

primary

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42
Q

Wound left to heal completely on it’s own = _______ intention healing

A

secondary

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43
Q

When a wound is healing, promote a _____ environment to facilitate cell proliferation (fibroblasts, vasculature , keratinocytes)

A

moist

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44
Q

In general wounds heal faster if ______.

A

occluded

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45
Q

______ scare = thick scare that is in excess of the amount of tissue required to replace the damaged dermis

A

hypertrophic

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46
Q

______ = thick scar that clear extends beyond the margins of the original wound

A

keloid

47
Q

Bacterial infection are usually only deep (T/F).

A

FALSE; can be superficial or deep

48
Q

Bacterial infections are most commonly caused by what 2 species?

A
  1. Streptococcus

2. Staphylococcus

49
Q

Fungal infections of the skin can be superficial or deep (T/F).

A

FALSE; usually only superficial since causative organisms do not invade beyond the epidermis

50
Q

What are the 2 major types of superficial fungal infections?

A
  1. dermatophytosis

2. candidiasis

51
Q

How is diagnosis of fungal infections confirmed?

A

microscopic examination of skin scrapings

52
Q

Dermatophytosis eats ______ so infection can occur anywhere on the skin.

A

keratin

53
Q

Tinea capitis?

A

scalp

54
Q

Tinea corporis?

A

body - “ring worm”

55
Q

Tinea cruris

A

groin - “jock itch”

56
Q

Tinea manum

A

hands

57
Q

Tinea pedis

A

feet - “athletes foot”

58
Q

Tinea unguium

A

nails

59
Q

Advancing ridge that is red = good sign that the infection is (bacterial/fungal)

A

fungal

60
Q

The most common herpes virus infections are due to _____ ____ and ____ ____.

A

herpes simplex; varicella zoster

61
Q

Herpes virus infections are clinically characterized by ____ and ______ that evolve into crusts.

A

pain; vesicles

62
Q

Herpes virus infections are pathologically characterized by _____ infection –> ____ infection within the sensory nerve ganglia –> viral _______.

A

primary; latent; reactivation

63
Q

Genital cancers can be caused by oncogenic _____ subtypes.

A

HPV

64
Q

________ ________ = translucent papule with central keratotic core

A

molluscum contagiosum

65
Q

Is molluscum contagiosum more common in children or adults?

A

children

66
Q

If molluscum contagiosum occurs in young adults, it is commonly in _______ regions.

A

genital; considered an STD

67
Q

______ = intensely pruritic infection; look for linear burrows on the skin

A

scabies

68
Q

Psoriasis develops before pt is 20 (T/F).

A

FALSE; can develop any time during life

69
Q

What are the 5 cardinal morphologic features of psoriasis vulgaris?

A
  1. plaque
  2. well-circumscribed margins
  3. bright salmon-red colour
  4. silvery micaceous scale
  5. symmetric distribution
70
Q

What are sides of predilection in psoriasis?

A
  1. extensor surfaces over bony prominences
  2. scalp, retroauricular and ears
  3. palms and soles
  4. umbilicus, penis
  5. lumbar, shins
  6. nails
71
Q

Psoriasis is a common _______ disease of the skin characterized by profound cutaneous inflammation and ______ hyperproliferation.

A

immunologic; epidermal

72
Q

Severe psoriasis is associated with increased risk of ________ disease and shortened lifespan.

A

CV

73
Q

__-__% of pt’s with psoriasis will have psoriatic arthritis

A

5-10

74
Q

______ = ITCHY, red, scaly disorders

A

eczema

75
Q

Eczema can be _____ (atopic dermatitis) or ______ (contact dermatitis)

A

endogenous; exogenous

76
Q

________ ______ = intensely pruritic inflammatory skin disorder associated with atopy; asthma, hayfever, and allergic conjunctivitis

A

atopic dermatitis

77
Q

______ is thickening of skin lines, common in atopic dermatitis

A

lichenification

78
Q

Contact dermatitis can be split into what two types?

A
  1. Allergic

2. Irritant

79
Q

Is seborrheic dermatitis more similar to eczema or psoriasis?

A

psoriasis!

80
Q

Seborrheic dermatitis occurs in areas of higher _______ gland activity

A

sebaceous

81
Q

Seborrheic dermatitis is probably due to an excessive immune reaction to a lipophilic yeast called ______ that normally occurs on the skin.

A

pityrosporum

82
Q

Seborrheic dermatitis is seen frequently ______ disease and ____ infection.

A

parkinson’s; HIV

83
Q

______ alone represents the most mild form of seborrheic dermatitis.

A

dandruff

84
Q

Lupus erythematosus can be ______ or _____.

A

localized; systemic

85
Q

Skin findings in ______: malar “butterfly rash”, localized erythema and edema, alopecia, photosensitivity, mucosal ulcers, Raynaud’s phenomeon

A

lupus

86
Q

How is lupus diagnosed?

A

+ serum antinuclear antibodies

87
Q

_______ = autoimmunity provokes a massive fibrotic tissue response

A

scleroderma

88
Q

In scleroderma, cutaneous fibrosis can be localized or widespread, and may lead to ______ ______.

A

joint contractures

89
Q

Raynaud’s phenomenon is common with scerloderma (T/F).

A

TRUE

90
Q

What are 4 systemic manifestations of scleroderma ?

A
  1. HTN
  2. pulmonary fibrosis
  3. GI dysmotility
  4. renal
91
Q

_______/______ = inflammatory myositis; leads to muscle weakness

A

dermatomyositis/polymyositis

92
Q

______myositis = muscle involvement only; _____myositis = skin and muscles involve

A

poly; derma

93
Q

If skin is involved in dermatomyositis, it will be _______ with an erythematous eruption over face (esp what 3 regions?)

A

purplish; upper eyelids, hands and forearms

94
Q

What are 2 types of benign skin tumours?

A
  1. seborrheic keratosis (greasy, warty texture; usually raised and well marginated)
  2. melanocytic nevi (moles; benign moles are small and uniform)
95
Q

Skin cancer has a __ in __ lifetime risk.

A

1 in 5

96
Q

Skin cancer is easily treated if detected early (T/F).

A

TRUE

97
Q

What are 3 types of skin cancer?

A
  1. Basal cell carcinoma
  2. Squamous cell carcinoma
  3. Malignant melanoma
98
Q

What is the most common type of skin cancer?

A

BCC

99
Q

_____ = translucent skin-coloured nodules

A

BCC

100
Q

_____ may be eroded or ulcerated

A

BCC

101
Q

BCC has a ___ risk of spreading to other organs, and can be locally invasive.

A

low

102
Q

What are the 3 major types of BCC?

A
  1. nodular
  2. superfiical
  3. sclerosing
103
Q

____ = solid skin tumours

A

SCC

104
Q

____ = may often be volcano shaped

A

SCC

105
Q

SCC has a thick overlying ____.

A

scale

106
Q

Does BCC or SCC have a greater risk of spreading to other organs?

A

SCC

107
Q

What is the precursor lesion to SCC?

A

actinic keratosis

108
Q

What colour is actinic keratosis?

A

skin-coloured, pink or red

109
Q

______ ______ = most dangerous form of skin cancer, highest potential for spreading to other organs

A

malignant melanoma

110
Q

Prognosis of malignant melanoma depends on what?

A

Thickness in the skin

111
Q

If melanoma cells are more than >___ thick then you have a poor prognosis.

A

1mm

112
Q

If a growth is smaller than the size of a pencil eraser, then there is (smaller/greater) chance that is is melanoma.

A

smaller

113
Q

What is the ABCDE rule for melanoma?

A 
A = asymmetry
B = border
C = colour 
D = diameter
E = evolving or eccentric

PHTH 531 (5 decks)

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