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Skin/Necrosis > Skin > Flashcards

Skin Flashcards

1
Q

functions of skin?

A
  1. barrier
  2. prevent dehydration
  3. largest sensory organ
  4. thermoregulation
  5. metabolic functions
  6. immune functions
  7. communications.
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2
Q

what are the layers of skin?

A

epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous layer (hypodermis)

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3
Q

Features of epidermis?

A

avascualar.

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4
Q

Features of dermis?

A

blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles, sweat glands.

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5
Q

features of hypodermis?

A

fatty layer, adipose tissue, energy reserve, thermoregulation.

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6
Q

how thick is skin?

A

0.5mm –> 5mm

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7
Q

What is the thinnest skin?

A

eyelid (0.5mm)

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8
Q

what is the most sensitive skin?

A

lips.

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9
Q

what are the thickest skin?

A

soles, palms.

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10
Q

how is skin innervated?

A
  • dermamyotome.

- derma cells become the dermis and drag nerve supply with them so cutaneous nerves are segmental.

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11
Q

what is a dermatome?

A

area of skin innervated by fibres from a single root.

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12
Q

What are angiosomes?

A

regions of skin, superficial fascia, deep fascia and possibly even underlying muscle that share common blood supply.

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13
Q

What is the histology of epidermis? from most deep to superficial.

A
  • stratum basale.
  • stratum spinosum.
  • stratum granulosum
  • stratum lucidum
  • stratus corneum.
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14
Q

features of stratum spinosum?

A

-spiny looking cells as they have shrunked a little bit and have a border around them still have nuclei, come from stratum basale.

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15
Q

features of stratum granulosum?

A
  • develop granules inside them called keratohyalin granules.
  • start laying down of keratin and other proteins that make the skin water resistant.
  • have nuclei.
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16
Q

features of stratum lucidum?

A
  • no nuclei, almost dead, fill up with protein (mostly keratin)
  • only found in thick skin.
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17
Q

features of stratum corneum?

A

-dead, forms protective layer mainly consisting of keratin.

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18
Q

how do the cells in the deepest level of the epidermis function?

A

extremely active and divide constantly to make more and more new cells.

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19
Q

What happens to the new cells made in the deepest level of the epidermis?

A

they are pushed upward through the other levels of the epidermis and toward the surface of the skin.

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20
Q

What is the blood supply for epidermis?

A

no direct blood supply, all nutrient that feed these cells come from the dermis

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21
Q

What are cell types in epidermis?

A
  • keratinocytes
  • malanocytes
  • langerhan cells
  • merkel cells
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22
Q

what is the primary function of keratinocytes.

A

-responsible for forming tight junctions with the nerves of the skin.

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23
Q

what does the epidermis primarily consist of?

A

keratinocytes.

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24
Q

what is a secondary fucntion of keratinocytes?

A

keep langerhan cells of the epidermis and lymphocytes of the dermis in place.

25
Q

what do melanocytes do?

A

make melanin.

26
Q

what do melanocytes appear as?

A

appear as small cells, usually in or near stratum basale.

27
Q

what do langerhan cells do?

A

participate in the surveillance of immune system.

28
Q

what do langerhan cells look like?

A

smaller than keratinocytes, with clear cytoplasm, usually located within the stratum spinosum or stratum basale.

29
Q

what do merkel cells do?

A
  • small cells associated with nerve endings in epidermis.

- involved in tactile sensation.

30
Q

what is the dermis?

A

thick layer of connective tissue to which the epidermis is attached.

31
Q

what are the 2 sublayers of the dermis?

A
  • papillary layer

- reticular layer with thicker elastin fibres and bundles of collagen

32
Q

what does papillary layer adhere to?

A

epidermis.

33
Q

what does reticular layer adhere to?

A

subcutaneous tissue.

34
Q

what are tension lines determined by?

A

alignment of dermal connective tissue and effect of underlying muscle

35
Q

why does skin bounce back?

A

elastin.

36
Q

Where are sebaceous glands derived from?

A

epidermis.

37
Q

where are sebaceous glands located?

A

dermis.

38
Q

what is the shape of seb glands?

A

flask-shaped and packed solidly with cells that often have a foamy appearance ins sections.

39
Q

where are seb glands found?

A

found everywhere in the body.

40
Q

what do seb glands do?

A

produce a substance called sebum which keeps cells and skin moisturised.

41
Q

structure of seb glands?

A

a duct from each gland opens into an associated hair follicle.

42
Q

where is sebum found?

A

most of the body except palms and soles.

43
Q

what do eccrine sweat glands secrete?

A

produce mostly NaCl and water.

44
Q

where are apocrine glands found?

A

mostly in axilla and groins.

45
Q

what do apocrine glands secrete?

A

milky secretion directly into hair follicles.

46
Q

what is the size of apocrine sweat glands compared to eccrine sweat glands?

A

apocrine are much larger.

47
Q

what do ceruminous glands secrete?

A

ear wax.

48
Q

what do mammary glands secrete?

A

milk.

49
Q

what muscle is arrector pili muscle?

A

smooth muscle.

50
Q

what is innervation of arrector pili muscle?

A

sympathetic. part of flight or fight.

51
Q

what is hyperhidrosis?

A

excessive sweating in hands and feet.

52
Q

where are hair follicels located?

A

dermis.

53
Q

metabolic function of skin?

A

vitamin d3 is made in the skin. important for bone health/calcium metabolism.ski

54
Q

5 skin sensations?

A

fine, vibration, light touch, temp, pain

55
Q

where are langerhan cells found?

A

epidermis.

56
Q

where are mast cells found?

A

underneath epidermis, under blood vessels.

57
Q

where are macrophages found?

A

dermis.

58
Q

where are melanocytes found?

A

basal layer of the epidermis.

59
Q

how many melanocytes do different people have?

A

same number.

Skin/Necrosis (3 decks)

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