Skin

Question 1

The Integumentary system includes:

Answer 1

Skin, hair, nails, glands

Question 2

Functions of integumentary system

Answer 2

protection
thermoregulation
water regulation
sensation
storage & synthesis

Question 3

Structure of the EPIDERMIS

Answer 3

-Stratified squamous epithelium (layered, flat, scale-like cells, basic cell type)
-no blood vessels
-4-5layers
(Corneum, Lucidum, Granulosum, Spinosum, Basale

Question 4

Cells of the epidermis:

Answer 4

• keratinocytes
• melanocytes
• merkel cells
• langerhans cell

-melanin produced by melanocytes enter the keratinocytes and shield the nuclear DNA from UV damage

Question 5

THick VS THin

Answer 5

-presence or absence of stratum lucidum

• thick = hairless
• thin = hairy

Question 6

Dermis:

Answer 6

• Strong flexible connective tissue rich in collagen and elastin
• contains:
• fibroblasts, macrophages, a few adipocytes, nerve endings, blood vessels, glands, hair follicles

Question 7

Skin colour determined by…

Answer 7

• blood circulation (haemoglobin)
• thickness of stratum corneum
• pigments (carotene and melanin)

Question 8

Melanin

Answer 8

-produced by melanocytes in stratum basale
2 main variants:
UV radiation, genetics

Question 9

Albinism

Answer 9

• People with OCULOCUTANEOUS ALBINISM typically have a very low level of melanin production
• 1 in 20000 people

Question 10

Accessory structures of skin

Answer 10

• hair, nails, sebaceous glands, sweat glands

- derived from epidermis but extend into dermis

Question 11

Sebaceous Glands

Answer 11

• produce sebum by holocrine secretion
• lubricates skin
• located in dermis on entire body except on palms and soles

Question 12

Sweat Glands:

Answer 12

• Eccrine sweat glands

- Apocrine sweat glands

Question 13

Ageing

Answer 13

-increased fragility, loss of elasticity, transparent quality

Question 14

Sun exposure:

Answer 14

• as much as 80% of facial ageing due to sun
• changes in organisation (and functionality) of collagen and elastin in dermis
• sun burn = dna damage

Question 15

Skin cancer::

Answer 15

-UV radiation exposure
3 types:
-basal cell carcinoma (aka rodent ulcers)-most common
-squamous cell carcinoma
-malignant melanoma

Question 16

Malignant melanoma detection

ABCDE

Answer 16

• Asymmetrical skin lesion
• Border is irregular
• Colour is irregular
• Diameter greater than ~6mm
• Evolving over time

Question 17

Treatment: NON melanoma

Answer 17

• surgery

- liquid nitrogen

Question 18

Treatment Melanoma

Answer 18

• surgery
• chemotherapy
• radiotherapy

Question 19

Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis

Answer 19

• cause = unknown (genetic + environmental)

- treatment = steroid cream + immunosuppressants

Question 20

Acne

Answer 20

• sebaceous glands secrete an excess of oil in response to blood testosterone levels
• dead keratinocytes are not shed properly and clog up the follicules

-treatment
oral antibiotics, creams, Isotretinoin (instigates cell death in sebaceous gland cells)

Question 21

Malignant melanoma detection

ABCDE

Answer 21

• Asymmetrical skin lesion
• Border is irregular
• Colour is irregular
• Diameter greater than ~6mm
• Evolving over time

Question 22

Treatment: NON melanoma

Answer 22

• surgery

- liquid nitrogen

Question 23

Treatment Melanoma

Answer 23

• surgery
• chemotherapy
• radiotherapy

Question 24

Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis

Answer 24

• cause = unknown (genetic + environmental)

- treatment = steroid cream + immunosuppressants

Question 25

Acne

Answer 25

- sebaceous glands secrete an excess of oil in response to blood testosterone levels - dead keratinocytes are not shed properly and clog up the follicules -treatment oral antibiotics, creams, Isotretinoin (instigates cell death in sebaceous gland cells)