Skin Flashcards
what is the heaviest organ in the body
Skin Largest, heaviest organ—16% of body weight
what are the 3 layers of skin
Epidermis
Dermis
Subcutaneous
what are the endocrine glands
Apocrine gland
Eccrine gland
Sebaceous glands
what is the epidermis
superficial, thin layer of skin
epidermis
Contains 5 layers or strata – Outer layer is dead keratinized cells
what is the dermis
Thicker than epidermis ranging from 1‐4 mm – Multiple structures
Subcutaneous layer
Adipose tissue
Thins with aging
what are the multiple structure of the dermis
Vasculature
- Apocrine glands—Axillary and
groin. - Nerves – Open onto hair follicles
- Hair follicles – Responsible for body odor – Arrector pili—goosebumps
- Eccrine glands—sweat glands – Sebaceous glands—secrete fatty
substance – Function cooling - Melanocytes
Apocrine glands
Axillary and
groin.
nerves
Open onto hair follicles
hair follicles
Responsible for body odor
another name for goose bumps
another name for Arrector pili
subcutaneous glands
secrete fatty
substance – Function cooling
Eccrine glands
another name for sweat glands
what is involved in a skin assessment
Color
* Moisture
* Temperature
* Texture
* Turgor
* Mobility
* Hygiene
* Lesions
what areas exposed and unexposed to sun
palms, soles,
hips, genitalia, & bony areas.
what do you look for in lighter skinned people
—assess at fingertips, nailbeds, lips
mucosa
what do you look for in dark skinned people
assess mucus membranes
how do you assess for jaundice
Use natural light
–Blanche
–Check sclera
what can diaphoresis tell us about
can indicate a fever or hypermetabolic state
Dry, parched & cracked lips may indicate________
What part of body indicates dehydration
how to assess temperature. what part of body
use back of hand
what to look for in texture of skin
Normal skin feels smooth & firm with an even surface.
–Most reliable place to check is inner aspect of the arm.
how do we assess turgor in adults
pinch skin under clavicle
* Tenting indicates pinch skin under clavicle
what does tenting indicate
________ indicates dehydration
how do we assess turgor in infnats
pinch skin on lateral abdomen at line of umbilicus
what does hygiene tell us about
Mental, emotional health – Social determinants of health
* Health disparities
* Financial resources
* Health insurance
* Environmental factors—home, neighborhood, county
description of lesions
Shapes
–Round
–Target
–Oval
–Annular-ring
primary lesion
not changed, how it started
secondary lesion
how lesion changed
what to look for in lesions
Primary lesions—not changed, how it started
* Secondary lesions—how lesion changed
* Rash or growth
* Size, depth, shape, and borders
* Palpable or nonpalpable
* Color, consistency, & smell
* Tender or non‐tender
* Fluid filled or not, type of fluid
* Distribution & configuration
what are primary lesions
Macule
* Papule
* Nodule
* Papulo‐squamous
* Vesicle
* Bulla—large blister
* Pustule
* Wheal—hives
macule
Flat
* Not palpable
papule
Raised
* Palpable
* Less than 0.5 cm
* Nodule –over 0.5 to 1 cm
Papulosquamous
Papular and squamous –“Squamous” is always scaly – Bumpy and scaly
* This is an annular lesion –Note the ring shape
vesicle
Fluid filled blister
* E.g. chickenpox, poison ivy
Bulla (plural: bullae)
Large vesicle
* Over 0.5 cm
pustule
Vesicle filled with pus
wheal
Hives”
* Circumscribed dermal edema
* Scattered distribution
* Usually allergic response
secondary lesions
Discoloration—Hyper‐or Hypopigmentation
* Scale
* Lichenification
* Crust
* Scab
* Scar
* Ulcer
* Erosion
* Fissure
* Atrophy
purpura
rash of purple
spots on the skin caused by
internal bleeding from
small blood vessels
basal cell carcinoma
80% skin cancers – Raised pearly borders, shiny and translucent –Slow growing –Rarely metastasis
Squamous cell
—scaly—6% –Ulcerated –can metastasize
melanoma
–4% –Rapid growth, spreads rapidly
melanoma risk factors
Red or light hair
* Heavy sun exposure
* History of multiple moles
* Light eye or skin color
* Family history of melanoma
ABCDE: Melanoma mnemonic
A: Asymmetry
* B: Borders irregular
* C: Color change
* D: Diameter > 6 mm
* E: Evolution—change in size, shape, symptoms
nails
Color
* Condition
* Shape
* Angle of attachment
* Abnormalities
* Terms: –Ungual border –Nail matrix
what causes spoon nails or koilonychia
what it is called that causes
Iron deficiency anemia
* Hemachromatosis
* Heart disease
* Hypothyroidism
sx in nails
what causes the condition of Beau’s lines in nails
What condition is called that causes
Uncontrolled diabetes
* Peripheral vascular
disease
* Illnesses associated with
high fever
* Zinc deficiency
* Post‐injury
Onycholysis
The fingernails become loose and can
separate from the nail bed
* Can be caused by – Injury or repetitive trauma – Nail polish – Bacterial – Fungus—Onychomycosis – Thyroid disease – Vitamin or mineral deficiency – Medications
what causes nail pitting
Psoriasis
* Connective tissue disorders –Reiters syndrome
* Alopecia areata
What body part does this cause
Alopecia
bald patch
What percentage is the skin total body weight
16% of total body weight
linchenification
d/t rubbing skin over wks or months
petechiae
tiny blood vessels under skin
may be a blood disorder, ex, leukemia
what can a bruise (ecchymosis) tell us
intimate partner violence, child abuse
levi
hx of Mutiple moles
color eyes that are risk factors to melanoma
blue/green eyes
ungual border
refers to nails
nail matrix
where anil originates
degree where nail is clubbing
180 degrees
normal angle nail degree
160 degrees
what does hemachromatosis tell us about nails
inherited blood disorder
Beaus lines
indentation on nail
onychomycosis
fungus on nail
pediculosis
head lice
