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VM 423 BACT > Skin > Flashcards

Skin Flashcards

1
Q

True or False: Skin is an extensive barrier between the interior of our body and the external environment

A

True

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2
Q

Skin has a vital role in (5):

A
  1. Regulation body temp
  2. Protection UV (melanine)
  3. Protection dehydration
  4. Protection microorganisms
  5. Immune response
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3
Q

Layers of the skin (3)?

A

Epidermis (4-5)
Dermis (2)
Hypodermis (AKA SQ)

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4
Q

Specialized skin structures (appendages)?

A

Hair follicles, horns, nails, antlers, claws, sebaceous and sweat glands

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5
Q

Epidermis protects invasion of pathogens through what?

A

Anatomy - physical barrier
Innate and acquired immune response
Resident bacteria

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6
Q

4 (+1) layers of epidermis?

A

Outside to inside:
Stratum corneum - tightly packed keratin rich, dead, layered cells. Also lipid enriched extracellular matrix, and is where commensals are.
Stratum granulosum - secrete antimicrobial peptides
Stratum spinosum - secrete antimicrobial peptides
Stratum basale - secrete antimicrobial peptides
Basement membrane

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7
Q

What risk factors are predisposing to bacterial infections?

A

Thin stratum corneum
Small amount of intracellular lipids
High skin pH
(Dogs have all of these)

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8
Q

What is Cellulitis?

A

diffuse, deep, acute inflammation that
involves both dermis and subcutis

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9
Q

What is Folliculitis?

A

inflammation of hair follicles

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10
Q

What is Furunculosis?

A

deep infection of the hair follicle
leading to abscess formation with accumulation of pus

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11
Q

What is Urticaria?

A

raised, itchy rash that appears on the skin

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12
Q

What is Seborrhea?

A

excess secretion by sebaceous glands

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13
Q

What is Alopecia?

A

deficiency of hair

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14
Q

What are the most common resident bacteria of the skin?

A

Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., Corynebacterium spp.,
Enterococcus spp.
(Staph #1)

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15
Q

What are the most common resident bacteria in the oral cavity?

A

Pasteurella multocida, Staphylococcus
spp., Streptococcus spp., Neisseria spp. and Corynebacterium spp.
(P. multiocida #1)

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16
Q

When do you use topical vs systemic tx?

A

Depends on location. Deep (dermis) is systemic tx, and superficial (epidermis) is topically

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17
Q

Why does the choice of antimicrobial matter for prolonged therapies?

A
  1. Compliance - needs to be easy for client
  2. Side effects - long term use increases chance of them
  3. AMR
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18
Q

What has to be considered in the tx?

A

Reduce pruritis - sedative, steroids, anesthetic
Loss of fluid and electrolytes - give fluids
Identify underlying factor - allergies, endocrinopaties, fleas, compromised immune system
Adequate diet?

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19
Q

What are the two presentations of pyoderma in companion animals?

A

Superficial - pustular dermatitis ( no follicular involvement)
Deep - folliculitis, furunculosis, SQ abscess, cellulitis

See difference in images in ppt

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20
Q

How does pyoderma present in kittens and what causes it?

A

Lesions on dorsum of the neck and shoulders - where mom grabs them with her mouth)
Itchy
Impetigo

Caused by uncontrolled growth of oral bacteria: Pasteurella spp., Streptococcus spp.

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21
Q

How does pyoderma present in dogs and what causes it?

A

Lesions on areas not covered in hair
Impetigo (puppies)
Itchy

Caused by uncontrolled growth of resident skin bacteria:
Staphylococcus spp., (intermedius/pseudintermedius)

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22
Q

What are predisposing risk factors for pyoderma in companion animals?

A
  • Fleas
  • Food allergy
  • Insect bite
  • Mange
  • Urine scalding
  • Compromised immune system
  • Weakened endocrine system
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23
Q

Give some descriptors for pyoderma causing bacterium (the skin one) and the virulence factors (REMEMBER THESE)

A

Staphylococcus spp. is pyogenic and causes suppurative lesions.
It is gram-positive coccus and makes grape-like formations.

Virulence factors that protect Staph from the immune system are:
* Capsular polysaccharide, teichoic acids, protein A - Interfere with phagocytosis
* Catalase - Aids in survival within phagocytes
* Coagulase - Shield from phagocytic cells

Staphs four C’s - coccus, capsular polysaccharide, catalase, coagulase (I’m just trying here…)

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24
Q

Give me some tx options for pyoderma

A
  • Resolve on their own - don’t rely on it though
  • Topical antiseptic shampoo
  • Systemic antimicrobials ( will require 6-8 weeks of tx, even for superficial)
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25
Q

What are first and second choice antimicrobials for pyoderma?

A

1st: Clindamycin or first-generation cephalosporins (e.g.,
cephalexin, cefadroxil)
2nd: Amoxicillin-clavulanate, sulphonamides and trimethoprim,
lincomycin, or erythromycin

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26
Q

Why do we culture pustules if they have pyoderma?

A

Because of methicillin resistant Staph aureus (MRSA) are problematic in vet med, and might need different antibiotics if they’re resistant.
7 % prevalence in dogs in NA

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27
Q

Describe the lesion of exudative epidermis and what is the causing organism?

A

Lesion: Extensive, non-pruritic dermatitis with greasy exudate. (Excess sebacious secretion, exfoliation, cellulitis, scabs, blisters and
pustules)

Cause: Staphylococcus hyicus - gram positive coccus

28
Q

What is another name for exudative epidermitis?

A

Greasy-pig disease

29
Q

Who are affected by exudative epidermitis and what is the mortality and morbidity?

A

Sucklers and piglets ( up to 3 mo)
20-100% morbidity (extremely contagious) and high mortality

30
Q

Where can S. hyicus be found in healthy sows?

A

Vaginal mucosa ( it colonizes piglet during birth)

31
Q

What is the pathogenesis of exudative epidermitis, virulence factor, and what are stress factors?

A

Present on skin from birth > minor lesions on piglets skin > organism enters skin > exfoliative toxins > disrupts cell attachment > CS

Exfoliative toxin is the virulence factor

Stress factors:
Decreased immunity and bites > piglets will likely also show lethargy, depression, and anorexia because of this.

32
Q

What are tx options for exudative epidermitis?

A

Antimicrobials for 5 days
Systemic > amoxycillin, ceftiofur, cephalexin, gentamycin,
lincomycin or penicillin.
Topic > antimicrobials mixed with mineral oil
Keep them hydrated > prevents shock and reduces mortality

33
Q

What is another name for swine erysipelas?

A

diamond-skin disease

34
Q

Describe the causative organism of Swine erysipelas, and what are the virulence factors and what

A

Cause: Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae - gram positive, catalase-negative, rod

Virulence factors:
Capsule - protects against phagocytosis
Neuraminidase - adherence to endothelial cells

35
Q

What is pathognomonic for swine erysipelas?

A

Diamond shaped erythema

36
Q

Where is Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae carried on a pig?

A
  • Tonsillar tissue
  • Exerted on feces, urine, saliva, and nasal discharge
    Carried by up to 50% of piggies
37
Q

What are the 4 forms of Swine erysipelas?

A
  1. Cutaneous - septicaemic, arthritis, endocarditis
  2. Diamond skin - diamond shaped erythema (pathognomonic)
  3. Mixture of presentations
  4. ??? Lemme know what the 4th type is if you know
38
Q

Is Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae zoonotic?

A

YES - self limiting and mild

39
Q

Tx and prevention for diamond skin disease?

A

Tx:
Antimicrobials
-Penicillin (choice)
- Tetracycline in water/feed > easy to treat whole herd.
Tx of chronic infection is costly and ineffective

Vaccines are preventative.

40
Q

Give me some characteristics of Dermatophilus congolensis

A

Class: Actinobacteria
Gram positive, filamentous > long branches of cocci.
Cocci zoospores germinate into hyphae that look like train tracks.
Superficial infections

41
Q

What is a different name of Dermatophilus congolensis? (think of path)

A

Rain scald

42
Q

Where can we find Dermatophilus congolensis

A

On skin of healthy animals.

43
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Dermatophilus congolensis, and what are the virulence factors?

A

Trauma, or PERSISTENT WETTING (rain scald) > skin invasion (does not invade healthy skin) > acute inflammation

Virulence factors:
Phosphilipases and proteolytic enzymes - both to gain invade the skin

44
Q

What are the diseases caused by Dermatophilus congolensis called in different animals?

A

Cutaneous Streptotrichosis - cattle, goats, horses
Lumpy wool - sheep
Strawberry foot rot - sheep
Rain rot - horses, cattle

Can also infect pets, reptiles, and humans

45
Q

What is the different cause between dermatophytosis and dermatophilosis?

A

Dermatophytosis caused by fungi
Dermatophilosis caused by bacteria

46
Q

What do paintbrush lesions refer to in regards to horses?

A

Dermatophilus congolensis that causes sticky matted hair with multiple crusts and containing purulent exudate

47
Q

How is Dermatophilus congolensis transmitted?

A

Zoospores (in crust) by direct contact with infected animals
Bloodsucking insects can transmit it in the tropics

48
Q

Tx for dermatophilus congolensis?

A

Spontaneous in few weeks (esp if dry conditions)
Antimicrobials
Systemic - oxytetracycline
Penicillin - streptomycin for 3-5 days

Topical ANTIMICROBIAL tx generally ineffective
But can use providone-iodine shampoo or chlorhex solution

49
Q

What does Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis cause in different species?

A
  • Caseous lymphadenitis > small ruminants
  • Ulcerative lymphangitis > Horses (pigeon fever or false strangles)
  • Cutaneous granulomas > cattle (often associated with skin trauma)
50
Q

Characteristics of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis subtypes, and virulence factors

A

Gram positive coccus and rods

Subtypes:
equi biovar for horses and cattle
ovis biovar for small ruminants

Virulence factors: REMEMBER THESE
Phospholipase D > invade skin
Mycolic acid > protects from immune system

51
Q

Lesions for Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis ?

A

Chain of abscesses on limbs - cattle and horse
Abscesses on pectoral or ventral abdomen - horse

52
Q

In what animal causes Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis systemic issues, what does that look like, and when in the year?

A

Horses
Fever, depression, weight loss, diffuse swelling
Summer and fall

53
Q

How to diagnose and tx Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis

A

Dx - culture of pus from abscess
Tx
Horse:
* Lance and drain abscess
* Antimicrobials
- Penicillin G - 1 month or longer (half of the horses with internal abscesses will die)
* Fly control

Cattle:
* No tx or shampoo

54
Q

Canine nocardiosis characteristics and virulent factors?

A

Caused by Nocardia spp. Gram positive, rod, and can form filaments, esp in dogs.

Virulence:
Superoxide dismutase
Catalase
Both help survive intracellularly (away from immune system)

55
Q

Where can you normally find Nocardia spp., and how does it infect animals?

A

Saprophytes in soil and decaying vegetation.
Enters skin through injury and is opportunistic
(IDK if it causes immunosuppression or if it can infect when immune system is suppressed)

56
Q

What are three clinical manifestations of Canine nocardiosis?

A
  1. thoracic
  2. cutaneous
  3. disseminated
57
Q

What does the cutaneous form of canine nocardiosis looks like?

A

Indolent ulcers or pyogranulomatous lesions with draining tracts.
firm nodules, abscesses, fistulous tracts, and extensive fibrosis

58
Q

Tx canine nocardiosis?

A
  • Surgical removal
  • Antimicrobials - success depends on susceptibility
  • Amikacin, trimethoprim and sulamethoxazole (6 weeks min)
59
Q

What is a common cause of infection following dog or cat scratches?

A

Pasteurella multocida

60
Q

Characterize P. multocida and virulence?

A

Gram negative (all the others are gram positive) coccobacillus.

Virulence: adhesins

61
Q

What are causative agents of cellulitis in cats after getting a deep bite wound?

A

staphylococci, Pasteurella multocida,
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis and Clostridium
spp.

62
Q

How do you treat infected deep bite wounds?

A
  • Drain purulent fluid
  • Antimicrobials -> Ampicillin, cefazolin, amoxicillinclavulanate,
    cefovecin
63
Q

All surgical wounds are exposed to bacteria, true or false?

A

True

64
Q

Most common causes sx infection dogs?

A

Staph pseudintermedius, Staph aureus, Streptococcus spp.,
coliforms

65
Q

Most common causes sx infection cats?

A

Staph spp., Strep spp., coliforms, Pasteurella multocida

66
Q

Tx sx infection

A

PREVENTION
but it failed….
so
Antimicrobials
Ideally broad-spectrum ones - cause often infection by multiple species.
* Clavulanic acid-amoxicillin or ampicillin-sulbactam.
* For serious infections that may involve resistant Grampositive and Gram-negative bacteria, consider a
combination of an aminoglycoside and ampicillinsulbactam

VM 423 BACT (3 decks)

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