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Anatomy and Physiology - pure > Skin > Flashcards

Skin Flashcards

1
Q

What system is the skin part of?

A

Integumentary system

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2
Q

What is the superficial layer of the skin called?

A

Epidermis

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3
Q

What is the deeper layer of skin called?

A

Dermis

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4
Q

What are the 2 major classes of skin?

A

Hirsute and Glabrous

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5
Q

What are the qualities of Hirsute skin?

A

Thin, hairy, covers greater part of the body

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6
Q

What are the qualities of Glabrous skin?

A

Thick, hairless, covers the surfaces of palms, soles and flexor surfaces of the digits

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7
Q

What are the 5 layers of the epidermis? (most superficial to lowest)

A

Stratum Corneum
Stratum Lucidum
Stratum Granulosum
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum Basale

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8
Q

What is the functions of the stratum corneum?

A

Provides a mechanical and protective layer against abrasion, light, heat and chemicals

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9
Q

How many layers of Keratinocytes does the stratum corneum have?

A

25-30 (dry and dead, filled with keratin)

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10
Q

What do keratinocytes in the stratum corneum do?

A

Help prevent microbes and dehydration of deeper tissues

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11
Q

What do Lamellar granules in the stratum corneum do?

A

Help to make the skin water repellent

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12
Q

Where is the stratum lucidum found?

A

Thick skin of palms, digits and soles of feet

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13
Q

What does the stratum corneum look like?

A

Smooth, almost translucent

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14
Q

What are the keratinocytes in the stratum lucidum like?

A

Dead and flattened - packed with eleidin

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15
Q

What is Eleidin, how is it produced and what does it do?

A

A clear protein, produced from Keratohyalin, provides a barrier to water

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16
Q

What do Keratinocytes do?

A

Produce the protein keratin, which helps protect the skin and underlying tissue from heat, microbes, chemicals, produce lamellar granules which release a waterproof sealant

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17
Q

What does the stratum granulosum represent?

A

The transition between the deeper, metabolically active strata and the dead cells of the more superficial strata

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18
Q

How many layers does the stratum granulosum contain and what kind of cells are they?

A

3-5 layers of flat dying cells that show nuclear degeneration

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19
Q

How are lamellar granules water repellent?

A

They release lipid that repels water

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20
Q

What granules does the stratum granulosum contain?

A

Lamellar granules and dark-staining keratohyalin granules

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21
Q

How do Keratohyalin granules make keratin?

A

Convert tonofilaments into keratin

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22
Q

What is the appearance of the stratum granulosum and why?

A

2 proteins (lamellar and keratohyalin granules) make up the keratinocyte mass in the stratum granulosum and give it a grainy appearance

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23
Q

What is the function of the stratum spinosum?

A

provides strength and flexibility to the skin

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24
Q

How many layers of keratinocytes does the stratum spinosum contain and why?

A

8-10 layers - formed because of cell division in the stratum Basale (layer below)

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25
Q

What do keratinocytes do in the stratum spinosum?

A

Begin the synthesis of keratin and a water-repelling glycolipid

26
Q

What happens to the keratinocytes in the stratum spinosum and why?

A

New keratinocytes are pushed up from the stratum basale into the stratum spinosum so the keratinocytes that are in the stratum spinosum are moved into the stratum granulosum

27
Q

What do Langerhans cells (dendritic cells) in the stratum spinosum do?

A

Functions as a macrophage, engulfing bacteria, foreign particles and damaged cells (derived from bone marrow, participate in immune response)

28
Q

What is the function of the stratum basale?

A

attaches the epidermis to the basal laminate, below lies the layers of the dermis

29
Q

How does the stratum basale attach to the basal lamina?

A

Cells in the stratum basale (desmosomes and hemi desmosomes) bond via intertwining collagen fibres (basement membrane)
Folds called dermal papilla are found in the superficial portion of the dermis and help increase the connection and strength

30
Q

How many layers of cells are in the stratum basale and what are they?

A

Single layer of basal cells (cuboidal-shaped stem cells that are the precursor of the keratinocytes of the epidermis)

31
Q

What other cells are present in the stratum basale? (besides from basal cells)

A

Merkel cells - receptors responsible for stimulating sensory nerves
Melanocytes - produces melanin, giving skin and hair its pigment, helps protect the DNA in living cells of the epidermis from UV damage

32
Q

What is keratinisation?

A

Replacement of cell contents with the protein keratin (occurs as cells move to the skin surface over 2-4 weeks in 1mm of skin
As keratinocytes move to the surface, they fill with keratin

33
Q

What hormone plays a part in epidermal growth?

A

Epidermal growth factor (EGF)

34
Q

When do blisters occur?

A

When trauma separates the epidermis and dermis resulting in serous fluid collecting between them.

35
Q

What anchors the epidermis and the dermis?

A

Dermal Papillae

36
Q

How are dermal papillae arranged in fingers, and soles of feet?

A

In parallel lines - gives a ridged appearance (finger prints)

37
Q

What are the characteristics of the dermis and why?

A

Tough and elastic - connective tissue and collagen fibres are interlaced with elastic fibres

38
Q

How do stretch marks occur?

A

When the elastic fibres that interlace connective tissue and collagen fibres are ruptured

39
Q

What cells are found in the dermis?

A

Dermal cells - fibroblasts, macrophages and mast cells

40
Q

What structures are found in the dermis?

A

Small blood and lymph vessels, sensory nerve endings, sweat glands and ducts, hairs, arrector pili muscles and sebaceous glands

41
Q

What layer of skin is found under the dermis?

A

Sub-cutaneous layer

42
Q

What receptors are responsible for light pressure in the skin?

A

Meissner’s corpuscle

43
Q

What receptors are responsible for deep pressure in the skin?

A

Pacinian corpuscle

44
Q

Where do skin receptors send information?

A

To the sensory area of the cerebrum

45
Q

What are the 3 types of sweat glands in the skin?

A

Eccrine, apocrine, sebaceous

46
Q

What are Eccrine sweat glands?

A

Open, watery substance, not fully active in infants, develop during 4th month of gestation, present on palms, soles of feet, axillae and groins

47
Q

What are apocrine sweat glands?

A

Develop/activate during puberty and secrete alongside hair follicles, mix with bacteria on skin which create body odour

48
Q

What are sebaceous sweat glands?

A

Secrete into the hair follicles, scalp, face, axillae and groin, waterproof barrier, bactericidal and fungicidal, prevents cracking and drying on exposure to heat and sunlight, less active in elderly and infants meaning skin is prone to maceration from moisture

49
Q

What happens to the skin as a result of ageing?

A

Both the skin and mucous membranes become thin and fragile, the dermis is thinner and subcutaneous tissue is diminished

50
Q

Why is wound healing slower in elderly people?

A

There are fewer capillaries and cell proliferation is decreased, also results in atrophy of the the glands

51
Q

What happens to sensory receptors in the skin as a result of ageing and what does this mean?

A

Numbers of sensory receptors in the skin and mucosa decline meaning there is an increased susceptibility to injury, bruising often occurs frequently, mucosal membranes become inflamed or ulcerated

52
Q

Why does skin appear wrinkled as a result of ageing?

A

Elastic fibres are reduced and collagen fibres become less flexible

53
Q

Why does skin and hair turn grey as a result of ageing?

A

Melanocytes decrease

54
Q

What factors can cause changes in the skin?

A

Genetics, sun and weather exposure

55
Q

How does the epidermis develop in the foetus?

A

From a single layer of ectoderm to which other layers are added

56
Q

How long does the skin take to develop in a foetus?

A

By the end of 4 weeks, a thin outer layer of flattened cells covers the embryo , further development continues until 24 weeks

57
Q

When does Brown adipose tissue develop and what is it for?

A

17-20 weeks gestation, very important for thermoregulation post birth

58
Q

what is vernix caseosa?

A

A creamy white substance that covers the foetus after 18 weeks, it is a protective layer

59
Q

When does hair develop on a foetus?

A

9-12 weeks

60
Q

What is lanugo?

A

Fine downy hair that covers the foetus, including hair on eyebrows and head
It is shed from 36 weeks so by term, there is little left

61
Q

When do nails develop in a foetus?

A

fingernails - after 10 weeks
toenails - 18 weeks
at term fingernails can extend beyond the fingertips

62
Q

What are the functions of the skin?

A

Protection, regulation of body temp, formation of vitamin d, cutaneous sensation, excretion, absorption, movement and growth

Anatomy and Physiology - pure (11 decks)

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