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Skin Flashcards

1
Q

General Functions of Skin

A

Protection, physiological regulation, sensation

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2
Q

3 General layers of the skin

A

Epidermis, Dermis, Subcutis

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3
Q

What type of the tissue makes up the epidermis?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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4
Q

Type of tissue in the Dermis

A

Fibrous and fibro-adipise tissue

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5
Q

Role of the Dermis

A

Supports epidermis physically and metabolically, contains blood vessels, nerves and sensory receptors

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6
Q

Type of tissue in subcutis:

A

Adipose tissue and supporting fiberous bands, larger blood vessels which supply and drain those in the dermis

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7
Q

What are adnexa? List those found in the skin

A

specialised skin structures, form from downgrowths of the epidermis into dermis/ subcutis
e.g. nails, hair follicles, glands (sebaceous, eccrine and apocrine),

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8
Q

4 layers of the Epiders (+ potential 5th)

A

Stratum Basale, Stratum Spinosum, Stratum Granulosum, Stratum Corneum, Stratum Lucidum

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9
Q

Stratum Basale

A

Attached to BM by hemidesmosomes, mitotically active, repopulates the epidermis

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10
Q

Stratum Spinosum

A

Layers of keratinocytes held together by desmosomes, mature cells from S. Basale, majority of epidermis

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11
Q

Stratum Granulosum (AKA granular layer)

A

Contains basophilic keratohyalin granules (contain molecules important for activating keratin filaments

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12
Q

Stratum Corneum

A

Surface layer, varying thickness, flattened dead cells filled with keratin and no nuclei, lipids help provide waterprof barrier

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13
Q

Stratum lucidum

A

Found in thicker skin

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14
Q

What is the Dermis made from?

A

Connective tissue: collagen, elastin, ground substance
Fibroblasts
Skin appendages

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15
Q

What are the two layers of the dermis?

A

Papillary and reticular

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16
Q

What is the main component of the hypodermis?

A

Adipose tissue

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17
Q

Function of hypodermis

A

protection, insulation, shock absorption, energy store

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18
Q

What compartmentalises the hypodermis?

A

Fibrous septa

19
Q

Example of adnexa found in skin

A

Hair, glands, fingernails

20
Q

3 types of gland found in skin

A

Sebaceous, eccrine and apocrine

21
Q

Where is hair produced?

A

In hair follicules, associated with sebaceous glands and a smooth muscle bundle (arrector pili)

22
Q

What is hair?

A

Long, thin cylindrical shafts of keratin

23
Q

What makes hair stand up on end?

A

Arrector pili smooth muscle

24
Q

What are fingernails?

A

dense keratinised plate resting on squamous epithelium, nail root and underlying nail bed extending deep into dermis

25
What do sebaceous glands do?
secrete sebum into hair follicle
26
What is a pilosebaceous unit?
hair follicle, associated arrector pili and sebaceous gland
27
Eccrine gland
glands found throughout skin, produce sweat
28
Apocrine glands
possibly responsible for production of odour
29
Function of the skin
Protection: mechanical, moisture control, biological, UV light, chemical threat Thermoregulation: adjustment of blood circulation, sweat production, insulation Sensory role: range of receptors for touch, pressure, pain and temp. Free nerve endings, meissner corpuscles, pacinian corpuscles
30
Cells present in the Sratum Basale
Keratinocytes, melanocytes, merkel cells,
31
Function of melanocytes
Produce melanin, responsible for skin and hair colour, protect against UV, melanin made from amino acid tryosine within melanosomes, melanosomes transfered to keratinocytes and form cap other nucleus
32
Function of Merkel cells
touch receptors
33
Langerhans cells (location, structure and function)
Location: mainly in stratum spinosum but in all layers of epidermis and upper dermis Structure: irregularly lobed nuclei, clear cytoplasm, cytoplasmic processes between keratinocytes, Function: immune cells, antigen recognition and precessing, monitor environmented, stimulate cell-mediated immunological responses
34
Preocess of Skin regeneration
Keratinocytes produced from unipotent epidermal stem cells in the basale layer In S Spinosium keratinocytes synthesise cytokeratin (cytoplasmic intermediate filaments) which form aggregates called tonofibrils In S Granulosum, cells gain keratohyaline granules and synthesise lipids In S Corneum, tonofibrils and keratohyaline granules combine forming kerartin, cells loose nuclei and cytoplasm, form flattened interconnected keratin squames
35
Fibroblasts in the Dermis
Produce collagen, elastin and extracellular matrix, responsible for wound healing and growth
36
Immune cells present in dermis
Dermal dendritic cells, mast cells, lymphocytes
37
Cell present in subcutis
Adipocytes
38
Adipocytes
modified support cells, specialised for storage and metabolism of fat, collectively form adipose tissue found in subcutis
39
How long should full transition from basal cell to flattened keratin squame take?
50-60 days
40
Types of wound
Erosion (only epidermis ), Ulceration (deep epidermis), Partial thickness (epidermis and varying parts of dermis), Full thickness (epidermis, dermis and deeper structures)
41
Cells involved in wound healing:
Keratinocytes - replace those lost Fibroblasts - produce layers of dermis and collagen fibres Inflammatory cells - support healing Endothelial cells - repair damaged blood vessels
42
Phases of wound healing:
1. Inflammation: platelets blood to clot inititiating healing cascade, attract other cells to wound to fight infection 2. Proliferative stage: cells divide to replace lost cells, re-epithelialisation (keratinocyte proliferation and cell migration closer to wound), keratinocyte migration (leap frog vs train method). Deeper healing - epithelium covers blood clot, fibroplasts attracted to replace lost molecules, endothelial cells proliferate to form new blood vessels 3. Remodelling stage: granulation tissue replaced by collagen 1 by fibroblasts (stronger), some fibroblasts differentiate into myoblasts to pull edges closer together, remaining granulation tissue forms scar with few cells remaining
43
Local factors affecting wound healing
Infection, foreign body, oxygenation, vascular supply
44
Systemic factors
Age, diseases, alcohol & smoking, immunocompromised conditions, obesity, medication

Phase 1 (30 decks)

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