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Phase 1 > Skin > Flashcards

Skin Flashcards

1
Q

General Functions of Skin

A

Protection, physiological regulation, sensation

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2
Q

3 General layers of the skin

A

Epidermis, Dermis, Subcutis

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3
Q

What type of the tissue makes up the epidermis?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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4
Q

Type of tissue in the Dermis

A

Fibrous and fibro-adipise tissue

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5
Q

Role of the Dermis

A

Supports epidermis physically and metabolically, contains blood vessels, nerves and sensory receptors

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6
Q

Type of tissue in subcutis:

A

Adipose tissue and supporting fiberous bands, larger blood vessels which supply and drain those in the dermis

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7
Q

What are adnexa? List those found in the skin

A

specialised skin structures, form from downgrowths of the epidermis into dermis/ subcutis
e.g. nails, hair follicles, glands (sebaceous, eccrine and apocrine),

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8
Q

4 layers of the Epiders (+ potential 5th)

A

Stratum Basale, Stratum Spinosum, Stratum Granulosum, Stratum Corneum, Stratum Lucidum

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9
Q

Stratum Basale

A

Attached to BM by hemidesmosomes, mitotically active, repopulates the epidermis

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10
Q

Stratum Spinosum

A

Layers of keratinocytes held together by desmosomes, mature cells from S. Basale, majority of epidermis

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11
Q

Stratum Granulosum (AKA granular layer)

A

Contains basophilic keratohyalin granules (contain molecules important for activating keratin filaments

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12
Q

Stratum Corneum

A

Surface layer, varying thickness, flattened dead cells filled with keratin and no nuclei, lipids help provide waterprof barrier

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13
Q

Stratum lucidum

A

Found in thicker skin

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14
Q

What is the Dermis made from?

A

Connective tissue: collagen, elastin, ground substance
Fibroblasts
Skin appendages

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15
Q

What are the two layers of the dermis?

A

Papillary and reticular

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16
Q

What is the main component of the hypodermis?

A

Adipose tissue

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17
Q

Function of hypodermis

A

protection, insulation, shock absorption, energy store

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18
Q

What compartmentalises the hypodermis?

A

Fibrous septa

19
Q

Example of adnexa found in skin

A

Hair, glands, fingernails

20
Q

3 types of gland found in skin

A

Sebaceous, eccrine and apocrine

21
Q

Where is hair produced?

A

In hair follicules, associated with sebaceous glands and a smooth muscle bundle (arrector pili)

22
Q

What is hair?

A

Long, thin cylindrical shafts of keratin

23
Q

What makes hair stand up on end?

A

Arrector pili smooth muscle

24
Q

What are fingernails?

A

dense keratinised plate resting on squamous epithelium, nail root and underlying nail bed extending deep into dermis

25
Q

What do sebaceous glands do?

A

secrete sebum into hair follicle

26
Q

What is a pilosebaceous unit?

A

hair follicle, associated arrector pili and sebaceous gland

27
Q

Eccrine gland

A

glands found throughout skin, produce sweat

28
Q

Apocrine glands

A

possibly responsible for production of odour

29
Q

Function of the skin

A

Protection: mechanical, moisture control, biological, UV light, chemical threat
Thermoregulation: adjustment of blood circulation, sweat production, insulation
Sensory role: range of receptors for touch, pressure, pain and temp. Free nerve endings, meissner corpuscles, pacinian corpuscles

30
Q

Cells present in the Sratum Basale

A

Keratinocytes, melanocytes, merkel cells,

31
Q

Function of melanocytes

A

Produce melanin, responsible for skin and hair colour, protect against UV, melanin made from amino acid tryosine within melanosomes, melanosomes transfered to keratinocytes and form cap other nucleus

32
Q

Function of Merkel cells

A

touch receptors

33
Q

Langerhans cells (location, structure and function)

A

Location: mainly in stratum spinosum but in all layers of epidermis and upper dermis
Structure: irregularly lobed nuclei, clear cytoplasm, cytoplasmic processes between keratinocytes,
Function: immune cells, antigen recognition and precessing, monitor environmented, stimulate cell-mediated immunological responses

34
Q

Preocess of Skin regeneration

A

Keratinocytes produced from unipotent epidermal stem cells in the basale layer
In S Spinosium keratinocytes synthesise cytokeratin (cytoplasmic intermediate filaments) which form aggregates called tonofibrils
In S Granulosum, cells gain keratohyaline granules and synthesise lipids
In S Corneum, tonofibrils and keratohyaline granules combine forming kerartin, cells loose nuclei and cytoplasm, form flattened interconnected keratin squames

35
Q

Fibroblasts in the Dermis

A

Produce collagen, elastin and extracellular matrix, responsible for wound healing and growth

36
Q

Immune cells present in dermis

A

Dermal dendritic cells, mast cells, lymphocytes

37
Q

Cell present in subcutis

A

Adipocytes

38
Q

Adipocytes

A

modified support cells, specialised for storage and metabolism of fat, collectively form adipose tissue found in subcutis

39
Q

How long should full transition from basal cell to flattened keratin squame take?

A

50-60 days

40
Q

Types of wound

A

Erosion (only epidermis ), Ulceration (deep epidermis), Partial thickness (epidermis and varying parts of dermis), Full thickness (epidermis, dermis and deeper structures)

41
Q

Cells involved in wound healing:

A

Keratinocytes - replace those lost
Fibroblasts - produce layers of dermis and collagen fibres
Inflammatory cells - support healing
Endothelial cells - repair damaged blood vessels

42
Q

Phases of wound healing:

A
  1. Inflammation: platelets blood to clot inititiating healing cascade, attract other cells to wound to fight infection
  2. Proliferative stage: cells divide to replace lost cells, re-epithelialisation (keratinocyte proliferation and cell migration closer to wound), keratinocyte migration (leap frog vs train method). Deeper healing - epithelium covers blood clot, fibroplasts attracted to replace lost molecules, endothelial cells proliferate to form new blood vessels
  3. Remodelling stage: granulation tissue replaced by collagen 1 by fibroblasts (stronger), some fibroblasts differentiate into myoblasts to pull edges closer together, remaining granulation tissue forms scar with few cells remaining
43
Q

Local factors affecting wound healing

A

Infection, foreign body, oxygenation, vascular supply

44
Q

Systemic factors

A

Age, diseases, alcohol & smoking, immunocompromised conditions, obesity, medication

Phase 1 (30 decks)

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