Skills and Environment Flashcards
When making a CESA the diver should ____ making an ___ sound
Why
Exhale
Ahhh
Avoid lung over expansion injury
If you tried to forcefully exhale during a CESA this is okay? T/F
False - you want to maintain a constant lung volume, forceful exhalation makes this difficult and it could even trap air in lower portions of the lungs causing an over expansion injury
When making a CESA the diver should do what with his equipment
A) ditch weight belt
B) remove regulator
C) check computer
D) keep all equipment in place
E) maintain regulator in mouth
D E
Otherwise can’t control the swimming ascent
Why bother keeping your regulator in place when ascending during a CESA
Might be able to get a few breaths in as ascend and ambient pressure is reduced
Also if you have an uncontrolled urge to breathe it’s better to do so with regulator in mouth than getting a mouthful of water
Also I’m practice it allows you to breath at any time if needed
Why not ditch your weight belt on ascent in a CESA
Won’t be able to control rate of ascent
During a CESA what should a diver do regarding ascent rate
Maintain normal ascent rate not exceeding 60’/minute
It’s okay to practice buoyant emergency ascents? T/F
False - they can’t be controlled because you removed the weight belt
Weight check at surface how do you do it
Use estimated weight
Breathe from regulator
Empty BCD and hold breath should float at mid eye level and sink when release breath
Then add 5 lbs because if did it with full cylinder the air has weight you need to compensate for
Divers should always wear an amount of weight of 10% of body weight? T/F
False
The only way to know how much weight you need is by trial and error? T/F
True
When conducting a buoyancy check at the surface you should
A) fully inflate your BCD
B) relax holding normal breath in
C) sink slowly when exhale
D) add or subtract until float at eye level
B C D
If when conducting a buoyancy check you need some air in your BCD to float then you need to add/remove weight
What about if you empty your BCD and exhale and still don’t sink
Remove
Need more weight
As you gain more experience you will need less weight because of less displacement from a more relaxed breathing cycle? T/F
True
How much should you add after finishing a buoyancy check to compensate for doing it with a full cylinder?
What is the difference from fresh to salt water
5 lbs
Depends on body weight but about 4-7lbs difference
You should always have your mask on at the surface? T/F
True - helps defogger from washing out, and prevents getting splashed in eyes and can look down to check in buddy
A clenched fist brought to chest is?
Low on air
Signal for:
something wrong
Danger/hazard
Which way
You lead I follow
Boat
How much air do you have
Share air
Out of air
If someone signals out of air you should
Give them your alternate site source
You are out of air and buddy is 20’ away not paying attention, what do you do
Swim to buddy, grab his alternate air source then signal out of air
How do you share air with someone whose alternate air source is their BCD inflator
They need to switch to their BCD inflator and then you use their regulator
What factors determine the type of pattern to be used when conducting an underwater search
Environmental conditions (amount of visibility and if a current is present)
Size of object
When working close to a shoreline what naturally occurring phenomenon can be used as aids to navigation
Sand ripples (generally run parallel to shore)
Changes in water depth
What are means of measuring distance underwater without using a calibrated device:
Which is most accurate
Kick cycles
Arm spans
Arm spans
General distance estimates underwater can be done with
Kick cycles
Timed swims
Should you try to bring an anchor to the surface using a BCD
Why
No, mark it and come back later with lift bag
Risk uncontrollable ascent if drop object, also if very heavy would need both hands, making manipulating your BCD very difficult
At what weight should one use a lift bag to lift an object
10-15lbs
When night diving what should each diver have and how many
2 lights each minimum (primary and backup) plus a chemical or marker light (in case other lights fail/flood)
Does each diver need a backup light and chemical glow light? Y/N
Yes
When night diving, a diver just needs a primary and backup light? T/F
False - also need chemical marker light
Up to what altitude was the RDP designed for?
Anything below 1000’
What is the maximum altitude for diving
10,000’
Above what altitude must you wait 6 hours when arriving at altitude
Any altitude over 8000’
How do you calculate your pressure group upon arrival at altitude if you don’t wait 6 hours
2 pressure groups for each 1000’
If you’ve been at altitude for a time period count as surface interval
Why don’t dive tables apply as is at altitude
There is a lower nitrogen pressure at surface than at sea level, and all calculations based on beginning and ending dive at sea level pressure of 1 atm/14.7psi
Special procedures are required when diving at altitude because the ____ ____ of _____ is _____ since the _____ pressure is _____.
Does the percentage of nitrogen change? Y/N
Partial pressure
Nitrogen
Reduced
Ambient
Reduced
No
If the ambient air pressure is 10 psi then what is the psi of nitrogen assuming 79% of air
.79*10= 7.9
If the ambient air pressure is .68atm and nitrogen is 79% of air what is the partial pressure of the nitrogen
.68*.79= .5372
How do you figure out the safety stop depth at altitude?
See the theoretical depth chart on the bottom.
If a diver is unconscious at the surface what do you do
See if Diver responds to your voice
Flip them over so face not in the water by crossing your arms and then uncrossing
Inflate their BCD and yours
Remove their weights and yours (don’t cross them over their body or head)
Remove their mask and yours
Open airway
Check for breathing for 10 seconds
Signal boat “Captain I have a Diver emergency call channel 16”
If have pocket mask use it make good seal with two hands kicking up to breathe from top of head if no pocket mask hand closer to shoulder goes under neck and other hand pinches nose
Two rescue breaths say “pack”
Flick your hand that is wet before breath
One breath every 5 seconds while you remove their gear until they are floating on an open BCD
Remove your gear completely while swimming to shallow water
Before you get to shallow water remove their gear completely
Once in shallow water 2 breaths say “pack”
If more than 5 minutes away give rescue breaths for 1-2 minutes while watching for signs/response. If response (movement or other reaction to ventilation) but still not breathing on own continue breathing as tow. If no response (no movement and appears extremely pale or blue) they need chest compressions because of cardiac arrest so get out as quick as possible
Rescue breaths don’t do any good without a heartbeat? T/F
True
Is it difficult to determine if a diver doesn’t have a heartbeat in water? Y/N
Yes
Why bother with rescue breaths if diver unconscious at surface if they don’t do anything without a heartbeat.
While can’t easily detect heartbeat in water one may be present
Especially in water accidents respiratory arrest often precedes cardiac arrest and therefore if correct respiratory arrest quickly with rescue breaths cardiac arrest may not occur
If waited until got out of water the interval would be too long and would trigger cardiac arrest
Is the survival rate higher for cardiac arrest or respiratory arrest
Respiratory
As you tow a nonbreathing diver you give rescue breaths every ____ ___
Five seconds
If you suspect a victim does not have a pulse who is unconscious at the surface you do not give rescue breaths? T/F
False - you follow the rescue breath protocols
Why continue to ventilate if towing a non breathing diver more than 5 minutes if victim shows some response to breaths but still not breathing
Because breaths are having a positive effect and victim may be able to regain control through your efforts
Compression rate for CPR is _____ to ____ compressions per minute
Which is slightly faster than ______ per ____, which is a good way to judge
100-120
Once per second
The rate for chest compressions must be sufficient to maintain artificial circulation. T/F
True
CPR - ratio of chest to breaths
30:2
A person recovered from drowning can they just go home? Y/N
Why
No
Could have lung damage and later experience secondary drowning. If inhaled water can dilute or wash away surfactant, thereby the tiny airways can collapse and then remain closed and fill with fluid (edema). It takes awhile to manifest, and need medical supervision to deal with
If someone is suspected of DCS you should give 100% O2, lay on side with head low? T/F
False - just lay flat and give O2 not head low
Do you ever do inwater re-compression? Y/N
Why
No
It’ll take hours, would get too cold, and symptoms could worsen requiring medical support, which would be very difficult under water; usually victim needs IV fluids and drugs which can’t do in water.
More important is first aid, 100% O2 and transport to chamber
Common signs and symptoms of marine life injuries
Spreading numbness and paralysis
Local swelling, inflammation or welts
Loss of consciousness, weakness and nausea
Mental confusion
To treat a venomous sting after carefully removing any foreign material you should _____ ___ ____ ____ for at least ____ minutes and monitor for shock
Soak in hot water
30 minutes to 90 minutes
In the case of of venomous sting you should apply ice? T/F
False
What should you do the the body part in the case of a venomous sting in relation to the heart.
Keep it below the level of the heart
You should rinse jellyfish wounds with fresh water? T/F
False the fresh water makes it sting more
What do you do for jellyfish wounds
Rinse with vinegar (or something with 5% acetic acid) then use gloved hands/forceps to remove tentacle pieces, rinse with sea water or saline solution. Apply mild heat pack or hot water for pain relief.
If more serious than pain at wound then get to medical care
High tide and low tide always happen twice a day? T/F
False - some places yes (semi diurnal), but in other places it is uneven (mixed) other places only once a day (diurnal)
Tides are only caused by the gravity of the moon? T/F
Why
False - sun also has an effect, but moon more so because closer
Tides are caused by gravitational influence with the ____ having the greatest effect
Moon
When does a wave break in deep water versus shallow water
Deep - when height of wave exceeds 1/7th of its wavelength
Shallow - same as deep but this occurs when depth is 1.3 times the height
Major ocean currents in the Southern Hemisphere flow in which direction; what about Northern Hemisphere
Counter-clockwise
Clockwise
The major ocean current in western Europe goes in which direction
North to South
The PADI ____ _____ ______ program is a supervised underwater tour designed to orient divers to unfamiliar aquatic conditions and environment
Discover Local Diving
____ _____ _____ is designed to provide both a means and an incentive to seek a formal orientation from a knowledgeable professional anytime they dive a new environment
Discover Local Diving
You need to be an instructor to conduct the Discover Local Diving? T/F
Divemaster or higher and professional liability where required
In Discover Local Diving the leader does not actually dive with participants? T/F
False
Instructors would not need to participate in an environmental orientation when they visit new diving locations? T/F
False
A diver can protect the aquatic realm by
A) buoyancy expert
B) role model
C) take only photos leave only bubbles
D) protect underwater life
E) become a debris activist
F) make responsible seafood choices
G) take action be an ocean activist
H) shrink your carbon footprint
I) give back - donate or fundraiser
All
Project AWARE is a global nonprofit environmental organization that is powered by a community of aquatic adventurers who strive to maintain a clean healthy and abundant ocean planet? T/F
True
Air conservation is the most important diving skill in avoiding damage to the environment? T/F
False - buoyancy control
What are some other ways diver can avoid damaging underwater environment in addition to buoyancy control
Not overweight
Avoid touching coral and invertebrates
Streamline equipment
Avoid kicking coral and other aquatic creatures
Nine points should a dive plan normally include
1)Agree on best entry and exit techniques for the environment
2)Decide what course you’ll follow
3)Agree on the maximum time and depth
4)Review underwater signals and other communication
5)Decide when you’ll turn the dive based on air, time and/or other factors depending which come first
6)agree how stay together on dive
7)establish what do if become separated
8) discuss emergency procedures
9) Agree on objective
Predive safety check acronym
B - buoyancy (BCD)
W - weight
R - releases
A - Air
F - final check
Breathing Water Really Ain’t Fun
How would you figure the amount of air to turn around at assuming starting at 3000psi and want a reserve of 500psi
1) Plan air for ascent and safety stop depending on depth (ie 300psi)
2) Add the 300 psi to reserve psi equals 800psi
3) subtract the reserve, ascent and safety stop psi from 3000psi total which gives you 2200psi which is the pressure you can use for the main part of your dive
4) half the 2200psi to get 1100psi which is the amount you have to swim out
5) subtract the 1100psi from 3000psi to get your turn pressure of 1900psi
If buddies are using different cylinder sizes and different starting pressures you should plan you air management based on
The smallest air supply
Five steps for proper descent with SCUBA
SORTED
S - signal
O- orient
R- Regulator
T- time
E- Equalize (they don’t do this at the surface anymore only when underwater)
D- descend
1) confirm buddy ready
2) orient
3) switch to regulator
4) check and if necessary activate dive computer or timer
5) signal and descend by deflating BCD
You should equalize ____ and ____
Early
Often
Descend without a reference
Either with or without reference:
Descend slowly
Keep head above feet to make equalizing easier and stay oriented
Stay with buddy
Without reference:
Control descent by watching depth gauge while adjusting buoyancy
Buoyancy decreases as descend due to exposure suit
Compressing from pressure
Five point ascent
STELA
1) Signal and confirm buddy ready
2) Time - check computer or watch to be sure you are within NDL
3) Elevate - inflator hose and look up and start swimming up gently
4) Ascend slowly (if using timer no faster than 10 feet each 10 seconds) (most computers it’s 30 feet per minute)
5) Look up and turn, stay with buddy, reach up when break surface
4) Look up
Safety stop
10’ to 20’ normally 15’ for 3-5 minutes
You should wear a cutting tool where ___ ___ ___ ___ it
Either hand can reach
The dive will be easier, I will use less air and will get less tired if I ____ ____ ___ _____
Why
Being ____ with proper ____ and _____ to swim ____ helps you move efficiently underwater and conserve energy
Move slowly and steadily
Water denser than air
Streamlined
Weight
Trim
Horizontally
Using airway control allows you to do what
Breathe past any water that might be in your regulator so you don’t get it in your throat
Wind blowing from shore can push surface water away causing an ___ which makes good/bad diving conditions
Upwelling - cooler deeper water to rise to the surface
Good because although cooler tend to clearer
What three environmental conditions do tides effect related to diving
Currents - tides cause currents, particularly when flowing to or from enclosed areas like bays
Depth
Visibility - incoming high tends to being in clearer water
Four stages of dive planning
1) Advance planning
2) Preparation planning
3) last minute preparation
4) predive planning
5 steps during last minute preparation
1) recheck weather
2) let someone know where going
3) gather personal items including cert card
4) pack any remaining gear into bag
5) double check that not forgetting anything
Seven steps of predive planning
1) evaluate conditions
2) decide if conditions acceptable
3) agree on techniques (where/how enter and exit and techniques use during dive)
4) review signals
5) agree on buddy separation procedures
6) agree on time, depth and air supply limits
7) discuss what to do if emergency
Five uses for surface float
1) resting
2) marking a dive site location
3) carrying accessories or other items
4) assisting another diver as a flotation aid
5) supporting a dive flag
The Alpha flag indicates a boat has ____ in the water and can’t _____
Divers
Maneuver
Traditional Dive flag indicates
Divers are below and boaters should stay clear
If no laws how close must divers stay to dive flag
50’
In helping an unresponsive diver after you are providing CPR at the surface the next highest priority is giving O2? T/F
False - contacting emergency medical care
A CESA is the best choose if you were out of air, no deeper than 20’-30’, the surface is closer than buddy, and have no alternate air source? T/F
True
You only make a buoyant emergency ascent when your buddy is not near and you’re deep enough that you don’t think you can make it to the surface by just swimming
? T/F
True
Six guidelines to follow when diving with a computer
1) Dive the plan
2) Stay well within your computer’s limits
3) Follow the most conservative computer
4) Watch your SPG
5) Start at deepest point and go shallower
6) Ascend slowly
Be a SAFE diver
Slowly
Ascend
From
Every
Dive
and make a safety stop for 3 minutes at 15’
Secondary factors contributing to DCS are
Fatigue
Dehydrated
Cold
Poor fitness/high body fat
Illness
Injury
Age
Alcohol consumption
Vigorous exercise
You plan cold/strenuous dives with the RDP and eRDPml
10’ deeper than their actual depth, and safety stops are especially wise
Six steps for emergency management
1) Asses the situation
2) Act on your plan
3) Delegate
4) Attend to injuries
5) Control the scene
6) Arrange evacuation to medical care
After you assess the situation, act on your plan, delegate, you
Attend to injuries
Control the scene
Arrange evacuation to medical care
After ____ minutes without oxygen brain damage is likely and after _____ minutes it is almost certain
6
10
Can a diver transfer tables during a repetitive dive? Y/N
No
What were the US Navy tables originally designed for and why did the have a 120 minute tissue compartment interval?
Designed for deco diving and had 120 tissue compartment because it allowed for safer deco diving
____ can effect depth and visibility on a shore dive
Tides
Waves are most commonly caused by ____.
Wind
Wind driven waves or surface waves are created by the ____ between wind and surface water. As wind blows across the surface the continual disturbance creates a ___ ____
Friction
Wave crest
A rip current is strongest and fastest near the surface/bottom of the water
Surface
When making a deep dive why is it harder to breathe
The air density is greater and the greater pressure exerted on your body air spaces, particularly your lungs
Will an underweighted diver likely consume more or less air
Why
More
Exert more trying to stay down
When performing an underwater search you should consider the
A) size of object
B) bottom type
C) water conditions
All
Before beginning a search it is essential you know what you’re looking for and plan what type of pattern and it’s dimensions? T/F
True
The ___ ____ will determine the length of each leg of your search pattern
Water conditions
A way of measuring distance unaffected by current
Arm spans
Three important factors to consider in the dive planning process
Intended depth and duration
Direction/course of dive
Air consumption for each diver
When using a triangle pattern to search for an object underwater each of your turns should be ____ degrees
120
