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Dive Theory For IDC > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

oxygen is transported efficiently throughout the body because of a substance called ______ contained in the _____

A

Hemoglobin. Red blood cells

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2
Q

_______is the fluid in which all the components in blood are suspended.

_____ comprise ____% of the blood mass

A

Plasma

Red blood cells

45%

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3
Q

Without hemoglobin blood would have to circulate 15-20 times faster to transport oxygen to keep up with body? T/F

A

True

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4
Q

Large amounts of CO2 can be carried by the circulatory system back to the lungs for expiration primarily because ______

A

Can be converted into bicarbonate

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5
Q

You breathe deeply in scuba diving in order to compensate for the
A) increased dead air spaces resulting from snorkel and regulator
B) reduced lung volume from compression of chest
C) increased amount of alveolar CO2 due to increased resistance of breathing while submerged

A

A, B , C

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6
Q

You breathe slowly when scuba diving because
A) minimize resistance caused by turbulence in the airways
B) compensate for the decrease in energy from cold water
C) avoid potential for thoracic squeeze

A

A

Slower breathing reduces turbulence. Turbulence results in increased resistance and therefore increased effort

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7
Q

When a breathe hold diver immerses his _____ in cold water his heart rate _____

Referred to as the _______ diving reflex, which is common to all diving mammals.

A

Head
Decrease
Mammalian

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8
Q

To reduce the demand for O2 while breath holding diving the diver should
A) take a few rapid deep breathes before diving
B) take lots of rapid breathes before diving
C) move slowly and deliberately underwater
D) breathe pure O2

A

C

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9
Q

Breathing slowly from the diaphragm before a dive can
A) promote relaxation
B) promote better gas exchange
C) reduce dead air volume

A

All

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10
Q

Breathing is regulated based on the amount of _____ in the blood

A

CO2

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11
Q

The urge to breathe is suppressed because of the low level of oxygen in breath holding diving? T/F

A

False CO2

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12
Q

In breath holding diving if the tissues continue to be air starved they begin to cease functioning and the diver loses consciousness due to lack of CO2? T/F

A

False loose consciousness due to lack of Oxygen even though lack of CO2 caused the issue initially

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13
Q

Hypoxia results when the diver’s CO2 can’t accumulate to a level high enough to stimulate breathing before the tissues consume available oxygen? T/F

A

True

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14
Q

Blackout on ascent occurs because the _____ ______ of the alveolar ______ rapidly decreases

A

Partial pressure O2

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15
Q

Hyperventilating at the surface prior to a breath hold dive reduces the level of ____

A

CO2

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16
Q

The carotid- sinus receptors, which are located in the carotid arteries stimulate the ____ ____ _____ which is located in the _____

A

Cardio inhibitory center. brain

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17
Q

If the neck seal of your dry suit is too tight it could cause the carotid sinus reflex causing heart rate to decrease/increase because the brain thinks the blood pressure is to low/high

A

Decrease high

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18
Q

Carbon monoxide is ____ and _____ which makes it hard to detect

A

Odorless. Tasteless

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19
Q

Carbon monoxide bonds with hemoglobin ____ times more readily than _____ and can take _____ hours for the circulatory system to eliminate

A

200
Oxygen
8-12 hours

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20
Q

Symptoms of carbon monoxide not as noticeable at _____ because high levels of _____ are dissolved in the ______ allowing tissues to meet their _____ requirement

A

Depth. Oxygen. Plasma. Oxygen

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21
Q

How can the plasma carry more oxygen at depth?

A

Because higher partial pressure of oxygen

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22
Q

Smoking cigarettes prior to diving can raise the ____ _____ level _____ times above normal which impairs _____ transport and _____ elimination

A

Carbon monoxide. 3-12. Oxygen. Carbon Dioxide

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23
Q

Carbon monoxide locks up the ____ in the blood impairing the transport of _____ and elimination of _______

A

Hemoglobin. Oxygen. Carbon Dioxide

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24
Q

Factors that cause body tissues to absorb and eliminate nitrogen at different rates
A) high or low blood supply
B) distance from skin surface
C) tissue density
D) distance from lungs

A

A C

ie bone denser than skin; density effects how gas is focused when reaches the skin

Blood supply differs among tissues; more blood supply will have more gas delivered and eliminated

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25
Q

Bubble formation cannot occur until the tissues become _______

A

Supersaturation

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26
Q

Supersaturation cannot occur until the ambient pressure is _______ upon ______

A

Reduced. Ascent

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27
Q

You can get DCS if you stay at a depth indefinitely? T/F

A

False, you can remain at depth indefinitely

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28
Q

Decompression sickness occurs upon surfacing rather than at depth because ______ does not occur in body tissues until the ambient pressure is reduced

A

Supersaturation

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29
Q

Any amount of supersaturation results in significant bubble formation?T/F

A

False

Otherwise gets DCS going to top of skyscraper

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30
Q

Factors increasing susceptibility to DCS
A) tissue half times
B) physical conditioning
C) changes to respiration
D) changes to circulation

A

B D

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31
Q

We can only control which factor that effects gas absorption?

A

Amount of blood flow (circulation)

Can’t control tissue density

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32
Q

Circulation changes in the following ways effecting gas absorption

______ circulation efficiency with age
______ circulation from exercise
changes in circulation during ______ consumption
Recent _____ or _______

A

Decreased
Increased
Alcohol
Illness injury

33
Q

Silent bubbles cause signs and symptoms of DCS? T/F

A

False- Are so small they do not cause signs and symptoms of DCS

34
Q

What device used to detect presence of silent bubbles is it a stethoscope? Y/N

A

No Doppler Ultrasound Flowmeter

35
Q

A criterion used to test decompression models and some dive tables/computers are the presence of silent bubbles as they travel in venous circulation to the lungs detected with the Doppler Ultrasound Flowmeter? T/F

A

True

36
Q

Silent bubbles are thought to form because of the presence of ____ _____

A

Gas seeds (micro nuclei)

37
Q

Why don’t oxygen bubbles cause DCS

A

Metabolized by body

38
Q

Inert gases are ones such as nitrogen not metabolized by the body? T/F

A

True

39
Q

In DCS bubbles form because the nitrogen can’t escape quickly enough to remain in solution? T/F

A

True

40
Q

Whatever nitrogen is absorbed as the ambient pressure ______ must be eliminated as the ambient pressure is _____

A

Increases. Reduced

41
Q

Why does breathing pure Oxygen help with DCS

A

It increases the pressure gradient between the tissue nitrogen level and the alveolar nitrogen levels resulting in a significant increase in the driving force of the tissue nitrogen aiding in its elimination

42
Q

If the nitrogen in the tissues is high but low in the alveolar air what happens to the nitrogen

A

It comes out

43
Q

Narcosis results from disruptions in ______ impulses transmissions. _____ gases particularly when breathed under pressure have the capacity to cause this disruption.

Can Oxygen or CO2 cause gas narcosis?

A

Nerve. inert

Yes

44
Q

Nitrogen has no effect at surface pressure but when breathed under sufficient pressure can cause disruption of nerve impulses? T/F

A

True

45
Q

The degree of disruption from narcosis depends on how well the gas dissolved into the lipid? T/F

A

True

46
Q

Gas narcosis signs and symptoms typically begin at _____. Yet many divers have succumbed much shallower particularly where _____ or ____ have been consumed.

A

30m/100’

Drugs. Alcohol

47
Q

What are signs and symptoms of gas narcosis?

A

Poor judgement
Decreased coordination
A feeling of false security

Others include foolish behavior, anxious or uncomfortable feelings and a general disregard for safety

48
Q

Barotrauma means

A

Pressure injury

49
Q

An excessively forceful Valsalva maneuver could cause a _____ _____ rupture or rupture of your ___ ___

A

Round window
Ear drum

50
Q

Severe lung squeeze could result if a skin diver descends with his lungs nearly ____

A

Empty

Could result in severe tissue damage and bleeding

51
Q

Squeezes take place on _____ whereas reverse squeezes take place on _____

A

Descent. Ascent

52
Q

Vertigo can be caused by
A) ear squeeze
B) inner ear barotrauma
C) decompression sickness

A

All

53
Q

Sound vibrations transferred from the outer ear to inner ear via

A

Ossicles

54
Q

Series of bones attached at one end of tympanic membrane (ear drum)

A

Ossicles

55
Q

Ossicles are connected to the ____ _____ of the inner ear

A

Oval window

56
Q

Vestibular canals (semi circular canals) are located in the ____ ____ and are responsible for _____

A

Inner ear. Balance

57
Q

Movement of air in the vestibular canals can be interpreted by the brain to determine balance and orientation? T/F

A

False - movement of fluid in canals

58
Q

Portion of ear most effected by pressure changes

Why not the others

A

Middle ear

Inner ear not because fluid filled
Outer ear not because open to the water

59
Q

Symptom of air embolism may be sudden ____ while two symptoms of decompression sickness may be ____ ____ _____ ______ and _____

A

Sudden Unconsciousness

Pain in the joints and fatigue

60
Q

In an air embolism air bubbles are transported into the pulmonary vein then to the heart and then most likely to the brain? T/F

A

True

61
Q

Air embolism- air bubbles block arterial circulation when too numerous to pass through the blood vessels? T/F

A

False - too large

62
Q

Decompression sickness from nitrogen elimination occurring so quickly that it comes out of solution and forms bubbles? T/F

A

True

63
Q

Decompression sickness occurs immediately/over time

A

Over time (usually 30 minutes or more)

64
Q

In terms of symptom location, air embolism is characterized by one/both sides of body whereas decompression sickness is characterized by one/both sides of the upper or lower body

A

Air embolism- one side of body like a stroke; entire right or left side effected

DCS- both sides upper or lower, like paralysis when involves CNS, depends on where bubble damage is in spinal cord

65
Q

In terms of change of symptoms, air embolism is characterized by improvement/worsening/neither from first aid while DCS is characterized by improvement/worsening/neither from first aid

A

Improvement of symptoms for AGE

No change for DCS with first aid as condition requires time to develop and therefore requires time and aggressive treatment to improve

66
Q

The most serious form of lung overexpansion injury is an _____

Why

A

AGE

Air Bubbles enter arterial circulation (similar to stroke) block blood flow; bubbles usually migrate to brain and expand as diver ascends

67
Q

When breathing normally could a diver suffer from a lung over expansion injury? Y/N

A

Yes - any obstruction can cause over pressurization, including one deep in the lungs caused be asthma and other pulmonary disorders.

68
Q

A more prevalent cause of lung obstructions in divers are those resulting from ______ or diving after having a severe ____ _____.

A

Smoking

Chest cold

69
Q

Surfactant is a substance that coats the inner surfaces of ____ and ______ help prevents them from ______

A

Bronchioles and alveoli

Collapasing

70
Q

_____ ______ destroys the _____ in bronchioles and alveoli, which inhibits their reopening

A

Smoking cigarettes

Surfactant

71
Q

During exhalation the bronchioles and alveoli _____ because of their size and flexibility

A

Collapse

72
Q

There are higher than normal CO2 levels in the alveoli when diving brought about by the increased resistance of breathing while submerged? T/F

A

True

73
Q

Turbulence causes breathing to become more/less difficult which is why you should breathe slowly/quickly

A

More

Slowly

74
Q

An AGE usually occurs within the ____ ____ ______whereas DCS tends to be _____ usually more than _____ minutes after the dive.

A

First five minutes
Delayed
30

75
Q

Most common symptom of AGE vs DCS

A

Sudden unconsciousness

Pain in joints, fatigue

76
Q

When administering O2 to someone with DCS you have them

A

Lay on left side with head low??? (Rainbow reef)
Or
Lay flat (PADI)

77
Q

Too much CO2 in the blood is known as

A

Hypercapnia

78
Q

Skin divers use ____ to increase breath hold times by reducing the level of CO2 in lungs

A

Diaphragmatic breathing

79
Q

When diving in a current a poorly adjusted regulator may cause a diver to
A) become over exerted
B) have excessive CO2 build up
C) have labored shallow breathing

A

All

Dive Theory For IDC (4 decks)

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