Skills Flashcards
Define skill
Learned ability to bring about predetermined results with max certainty
List the characteristics of skilled performance
ACEFACE
Aesthetically pleasing Consistent Efficient Fluent Accurate Controlled Economical
Define ability
An inherited attribute that underpin skills therefore may have an effect on how well they perform.
What are the 2 types of ability
Psycho-motor
Gross-motor
Define psycho motor abilities
Involves info processing + decision making in order to carry out a particular movement.
Sometimes called perceptual motor abilities.
Define gross-motor abilities
Large muscle movements of whole body or large limbs
List 4 psycho - motor abilities
Limb co-ordination
Reaction time
Finger dexterity
Aiming
Define limb co-ordination
Ability to co-ordinate the movement of a number of limbs simultaneously
Define finger dexterity
Ability to perform skilful controlled manipulations of tiny objects involving the fingers.
Define aiming
Ability to aim precisely at a small object in space
List 4 gross-motor abilities
Static strength
Dynamic strength
Explosive strength
Stamina
Define static strength
Max force exerted against a resistance
Define dynamic strength
Ability of the muscles to undergo repeated contractions without fatigue
Define explosive strength
ability to exert maximal force in minimal time
Define stamina
The ability to maintain max CV effort
What comes under continuity (skill classification)?
Continuos skills = No obvious beginning or end (swimming)
Discrete skills = Defined start and end point (tennis serve)
Serial skills = Consist of several discrete skills linked together (triple jump)
What comes under pacing (skill classification)?
Self-paced / internal = Pace is decided by performer
Externally / external = Pace is decided by external factor
What comes under environmental influence (skill classification)?
Open skills = Affected by environmental conditions and performed in an unpredictable environment i.e other people.
Closed skills = Performed in a predictable environment, very few variables.
What comes under muscular involvement (skill classification)?
Gross skills = Large muscle groups and not very precise
Fine skills = Precise movements involving small muscle groups.
What comes under organisation (skill classification)?
High organisation = Skill that isn’t easily broken down into parts
Low organisation = Skill that is easily broken down into subroutines.
What comes under difficulty (skill classification)?
Simple skills = Require few decisions
Complex skills = Require decision making using lots of info.
Define learning
Permanent change in behaviour due to practise.
Lifelong process
Define performance
Short term, unpredictable
Demonstration of the solving of a problem at a given moment in time
What is the link between learning and performance
As learning takes place, usually see gradual improvement in performance
What are the 3 phases of learning?
Cognitive
Associative
Autonomous
Define phase 1 - cognitive learning
Lots of thinking + understanding needed
Movements are often slow
Lots of errors
Define phase 2 - associative phase
May model by copying elite performers
Movements are smoother + more coordinated
Define phase 3 - autonomous phase
Actions are fluent + efficient
Performer can focus on fine details as no longer needed to focus on basics
List 5 causes of drive reduction
Lack of motivation
Boredom
Coaching
Limit of ability
Fatigue
List the 3 learning theories
operant conditioning (skinner)
Bandura’s observational learning/social learning theory
Hull’s drive reduction theory
Explain the operant conditioning (skinner) learning theory
Performer develops stimulus-response bond
Key features:
- Based on trial and error
- Manipulates the environment
- Behaviour is shaped and maintained through its consequences
Explain the Bandura’s observational learning/social learning theory
States that we learn by observing others and by reinforcement
Define a satisfier
Action that promotes a pleasant feeling so responses are repeated
Define an annoyer
Action that creates unease to promote the avoidance of incorrect responses
How is behaviour shaped?
Though its consequences:
+ive reinforcements = strengthen S-R bond
-ive reinforcements = strengthen S-R bond (i.e when annoyer is removed when right)
Punishment = weakens S-R bond
Define reinforcement
Process which ⬆️ probability of a behaviour occurring
Strengthens S-R bond
What are the 4 stages between demonstration and the matched performance A.K.A the 4 processes in Bandura’s observational learning theory
Attention
Retention
Motor reproduction
Motivation
Processes in observational learning theory
Explain attention
learner must pay attention and use selective attention.
Models must be attractive, successful and someone you respect.
Demonstration must be accurate, seen and heard.
Processes in observational learning theory
Explain retention
Observer must remember model’s performance.
Can be improved through repeated demonstrations and mental rehearsal.
Processes in observational learning theory
Explain motor reproduction
Refers to attempt by learner of the modelled skill.
Can be improved by practise and through intrinsic and extrinsic feedback.
Processes in observational learning theory
Explain motivation
Status of model can affect motivation.
What are the 6 types of learning transfers?
+ive
-ive
Zero
Bi-lateral
Proactive
Retroactive
Define the transfer of learning
Refers to the effect learning one task has not he effect of learning another.
Define +ive transfer
Occurs when prior learning promotes present learning.
i.e Throwing a ball to an overhead clear in badminton
Define -ive transfer
Occurs when prior learning inhibits present learning.
i.e Basketball player may overthrow the ball in netball due to it being lighter.
Define zero transfer
Prior learning has no effect on present learning
I,e swimming and netball
Define bi-lateral transfer
Transfer between limbs
i.e right footed pass to left footed
Define proactive transfer
Effect that leaning a skill has on a skill that has not yet been learned.
i.e completing drills at start of session followed by a game.
(Can have +ive, -ive or zero effect)
Define retroactive transfer
Effect learning a skill has on a previously learned skill, can be +ive, -ive or zero.
i.e tennis player plays badminton all summer but returns to tennis in September = could experience -ive transfer.
How might the coach ensure successful transfer of learning takes place?
Coach making performer aware of transfer
Planned progression
Eliminate bad habits
Motivate performer
HULLS DRIVE REDUCTION THEORY
How might drive reduction theory be used in the teaching of a new skill?
Ind. are motivated to achieve.
When faced w/ new skills, ind. have a drive to solve problem.
Leading to goal-directed behaviour.
Once skill has been mastered, drive ⬇️,
Red. in drive acts as a form of reinforcement to strength S-R bond.
Once a habit is developed, drive ⬇️ so inhibition occurs.
New goals/targets must then be set.
Increase challenge
